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The Ancient Toltec Trade and Economy

The Toltec Civilization dominated central Mexico from about 900 - 1150 A.D. from their home city of Tollan (Tula). The Toltecs were mighty warriors who spread the cult of their greatest god, Quetzalcoatl, to the far corners of Mesoamerica. Evidence at Tula suggests that the Toltecs had a trade network and received goods from as far away as the Pacific coast and Central America, either through trade or tribute. The Toltecs and the Postclassic Period The Toltecs were not the first Mesoamerican civilization to have a trade network. The Maya were dedicated merchants whose trade routes reached far from their Yucatan homeland, and even the ancient Olmec - the mother culture of all of Mesoamerica - traded with their neighbors. The mighty Teotihuacan culture, which was pre-eminent in central Mexico from about 200-750 A.D., had an extensive trade network. By the time the Toltec culture reached prominence, military conquest and subjugation of vassal states were on the rise at the expense of trade, but even wars and conquest stimulated cultural exchanges. Tula as a Center of Trade It is difficult to make observations about the ancient Toltec city of Tollan (Tula) because the city was extensively looted, first by the Mexica (Aztecs) before the arrival of the Europeans, and then by the Spanish. Proof of extensive trade networks may have therefore been carried off long ago. For example, although ​jade was one of the most important trade materials in ancient Mesoamerica, only one jade piece has been found at Tula. Nevertheless, archaeologist Richard Diehl has identified pottery from Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Campeche and Guatemala at Tula, and found potsherds traced to the Veracruz region. Shells from the Atlantic and Pacific have also been excavated at Tula. Surprisingly, the Fine Orange pottery associated with the contemporary Totonac culture has not been found at Tula. Quetzalcoatl, God of Merchants As the major deity of the Toltecs, Quetzalcoatl wore many hats. In his aspect of Quetzalcoatl - Ehà ©catl, he was the god of wind, and as Quetzalcoatl - Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli he was the bellicose God of the Morning Star. The Aztecs venerated Quetzalcoatl as (among other things) the god of merchants: the post-conquest Ramirez Codex mentions a feast dedicated to the god by traders. The principal Aztec god of trade, Yacatechutli, has been traced to earlier roots as a manifestation of either Tezcatlipoca or Quetzalcoatl, both of whom were worshiped at Tula. Given the Toltecs fanatical devotion to Quetzalcoatl and that gods later association with the merchant class by the Aztecs (who themselves regarded the Toltecs as the apogee of civilization), it is not unreasonable to surmise that trade played an important role in Toltec society. Trade and Tribute The historical record seems to suggest that Tula did not produce much in the way of trade goods. A great deal of utilitarian Mazapan-style pottery has been found there, suggesting that Tula was, or was not far from, a place that produced it. They also produced stoneware bowls, cotton textiles, and items fashioned from obsidian, such as blades. Bernardino de Sahagà ºn, a colonial era chronicler, claimed that the people of Tollan were skilled metalworkers, but no metal not of later Aztec origin has been found at Tula. It is possible that the Toltecs dealt in more perishable items like food, cloth or woven reeds which would have deteriorated with time. The Toltec did have significant agriculture and possibly exported part of their crops. In addition, they had access to a rare green obsidian found near present-day Pachuca. There is the possibility that the warlike Toltecs produced relatively little themselves, instead relying on conquered vassal states to send them goods as tribute. Tula and the Gulf Coast Traders Toltec scholar Nigel Davies believed that during the Postclassic era trade was dominated by the different cultures of Mexicos Gulf Coast, where mighty civilizations had risen and fallen since the days of the ancient Olmec. During Teotihuacà ¡ns age of dominance, shortly before the rise of the Toltecs, the gulf coast cultures had been an important force in Mesoamerican commerce, and Davies believes that the combination of Tulas location in the center of Mexico, their low production of trade goods, and their reliance on tribute over commerce placed the Toltecs at the fringes of Mesoamerican trade at the time (Davies, 284). Sources: Charles River Editors. The History and Culture of the Toltec. Lexington: Charles River Editors, 2014. Cobean, Robert H., Elizabeth Jimà ©nez Garcà ­a and Alba Guadalupe Mastache. Tula. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica, 2012. Coe, Michael D and Rex Koontz. 6th Edition. New York: Thames and Hudson, 2008 Davies, Nigel. The Toltecs: Until the Fall of Tula. Norman: the University of Oklahoma Press, 1987.

Which Instructional Design Model That I Will Use Multiple...

Which Instructional Design Model The design model that I will use is multiple intelligences. The major goal of this theory is to foster understanding in ways that takes advantage of the different learners’ intelligences. All learners do not learn information the same way, and instructors need to understand that they must be diverse in their teaching to ensure that learners are able to be engaged with topics that they are teaching. Assumptions about Multiple Intelligences With multiple intelligence, students come to school with different educational needs. Not all students learn the same way so as an educator, one needs to be able to teach multiple ways on a single topic to ensure that all students have been engaged. There are multiple ways to teach a single topic, however, Gardner focused on three approaches: 1. Entry points 2. Telling Analogies 3. Approaching the core (Reigeluth, 2013). Entry points To engage students in understating a topic, there are 6 entry points to consider in multiple intelligences (Reigeluth, 2013). Not all learners are the same and as an instructor is good to individualize your lessons to tap into students in different ways because not all learn the same way. The following are the entry points that Howard Gardner states, however, he states that the model that he uses is not to be considered as a learning style (Reigeluth, 2013). †¢ Narratives is an entry point used for students who enjoy hearing topics discuss through theShow MoreRelatedLiterature Review : Multiple Intelligence Theory2723 Words   |  11 PagesLiterature Review: Multiple Intelligence Theory Leigh Anne Brackett Liberty University Abstract This paper is a literature review relating to the Multiple Intelligence Theory by Howard Gardner. In general, the literature seems to indicate that the Multiple Intelligence Theory is very effective in teaching students. 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A Progressive Society In William Faulkners A Rose For Emily

Society changing and progressing around us forces us to adapt, we cannot resist growth in a progressive society. Change in society spurs change in us and how we see the world. William Faulkner, the author of the short story based on a woman dealing with loss and transition in the post civil war south, â€Å"A Rose For Emily†, elaborates on the idea of how impossible it is to stay constant and prevent change in a progressive society. In the time period of the book the whole United States is working through a giant change after the abolishment of slavery, although some citizens did not know how to address that change and wanted to refuse it. In the narrative, through themes and motifs, William Faulkner claimed that, while in a progressive society†¦show more content†¦At one point in the short story, it is said that there is a wretched scent coming from Miss Emily’s house and, instead of finding out why, the Old generation simply covers it up by sprinkling lime ar ound her home to cover up the scent. With all that the Old generation did for her, it is evident that, to them, Miss Emily was some sort of prized possession, one that was not to be touched. However, as time went on, the Old generation moved on and the New generation came into play. Those of the New generation called a meeting to speak with Emily about the taxes that she had not paid in many years, with the intention of getting her to pay them again, just as every other person in the town did. As this was brought up to her, Miss Emily quickly became offended and defensive, ultimately telling the city authorities to â€Å"See Colonel Sartoris,† who had passed away many years ago, because she refused to believe that she had to pay taxes in her city, because the Old generation had convinced her that she would never have to. The more that the New generation and the society around her developed, the more Emily fell behind and struggled to keep up with the changes that were being m ade around her. This resulted in Miss Emily hiding herself away in her house for many years, as an attempt at escaping the changes being made to the society that she once knew so well. At someShow MoreRelatedThe Past Is Never Dead By William Faulkner1755 Words   |  8 PagesHuman society in today’s world is certainly a never stop moving type stigma where everyone is always on a mission of sorts. In fact, we are viewed as lazy if we stop to truly dwell on the past. It’s all about moving forward into the future: the concept of bigger, better, faster, stronger. Some people view time in a different matter though. William Faulkner once wrote â€Å"the past is never dead. It’s not even past.† In his short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, Faulkner displays this notion through Emily Grierson

Essay about Traditional vs. Modern Architecture in China

Question: Traditional culture in architecture is being eroded by modernity of the present architecture in China. Analyze the causes and effects of this problem and possible solutions. In China, urbanization is at dramatic pace but in static patterns. This leads to the Chinese cities losing their own styles, and being built in the static architecture modes which are introduced from developed countries. Moreover, the traditional architecture cultures are being eroded by the static modern architecture patterns. Some of them are even on the boundary of extinction. Recently, architects in China have shown an increasing interest in the issue of traditional architecture in the modern era. This paper studies on the causes and effects of the†¦show more content†¦Although there are many success works, the â€Å"modern temperament† is indeed threatening the status of traditional architecture. In fact, cities in China are constructed rapidly yet monotonously. The development of modern architecture design in China cannot match with the splitting urbanization. In the major cities of China, there is almost no difference and few characters of architecture in Chinese cities. (there are almost no differences between the architectures and only a few of them have characters) The reason of this phenomenon is that in the present architecture in China, the traditional culture is confronted with an all-out threat of modernityï ¼Å'and is being eroded slowly. For example, a large-scale commercial pedestrian street called Luoma Market was planned to be constructed in a historical and cultural relic of the ancient site near the Bell Tower in Xi’an (a historical city on the northwest of China) (a historical city located in the northwestern of China). Due to the investors’ one-sided pursuit of modernization and ignorance of the local area history and culture, after 6 years of construction, the urban context was cut off by the pedestrian street. 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The Fall of the Roman Republic free essay sample

â€Å"The die is cast† Julius Caesar The expansion of Rome, the ruling of Julius Caesar and his death, and the civil war that followed his death all led to the collapse of the Roman Republic. The expansion of Rome created political, social, and economical changes. Politically, the government did not change to suit the expanding of Rome. The economic changes were that poor farmers could not afford anymore to compete with the estates run by slaves, so they sold their land to the rich. Most became urban poor, which meant they were homeless and jobless, and that the government gave them food. Social changes were that the expansion widened the gap between the rich and the poor. This gap caused tensions between the two classes, and led to the fall of the republic. Julius Caesar came to power after he spent four years campaigning in Asia minor. He was elected Senator at age 40. We will write a custom essay sample on The Fall of the Roman Republic or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For more power, he campaigned in the slums of Rome. He spent a lot of money on games that would appeal to them, and made them free to get in so all could watch. After his campaigning to the poor in Rome, he was elected Supreme Priest. In 59 B. C, when him, Pompey, and Crassus formed the first triumvirate, which basically puts him as consul. In 58 B. C, he left Rome and headed to Gaul, which there, he would become governer. Returning to Rome, and still on consul, Julius Caesar started illegally creating laws. In 56 B. C, Pompey and Crassus were to be consuls again, and Caesars command in Gaul was extended until 49 BC. In 54 B. C, Caesar led a three-month expedition to Britain, and was the was the first Roman to cross the English Channel, but he did not establish a permanent base there. When he got back, he found news that Julia, the daughter of Julius Caesar and the wife of Pompey, had died in childbirth, which weakened the relationship of Julius and Pompey. In the following year, Crassus received command of the armies of the East, but was defeated and killed by the Parthians. At age 54, Julius Caesar was named dictator for ten years. He was elected out of mostly fear and respect by the Senate. Julius created a calender with 365 days, and named the month of July after himself. He also planned to attack the Parthians. In 44 B. C, Julius was elected dictator for life. The Senate agreed that Julius was acting as king, and plotted to assainate him. On March 15, 44 B. C, Julius Caesar was assaninated by the Senate, led by Pompey. In the arising chaos of Caesar’s death, Mark Antony, Octavion, and others fought a series of five civil wars, which would end in the formation of the Roman Empire. The Roman middle and lower classes, with whom Caesar was popular, became angry that a small group of aristocrats had killed Caesar, especially after Antony gave a dramatic applause that appealed to the common people, a reflection of public opinion following Caesars murder. About 43 B. C, the second triumvirate was formed between Octavion, Mark Antony, and Lepidus. Sometime after 43 B. C, Afterward, Mark Antony married Caesars lover, Cleopatra, intending to use the fabulously wealthy Egypt as a base to dominate Rome. A third civil war broke out between Octavion and Antony. This final civil war resulted in the final ascendancy of Octavian, who became the first Roman emperor, under the name Caesar Augustus, a name that raised him to status of an idol. The fall of the Roman Republic was caused by the expansion of Rome, and it’s class tension, the ruling of Julius Caesar, and all things that followed Julius Caesar’s death.

Defensive Driving free essay sample

Defensive driving courses should not actually be taken lightly by drivers. It is a life saving training that should be taken seriously. Many have lost their lives on the roads due to fatal road accidents and these numbers are likely to rise if defensive driving training is not taken seriously. Most road carnages are actually situations that could be prevented if good techniques are applied to tackle them. Defensive driving simply means driving to save a life or lives. It can also mean driving to save either time or money. It is very bad that some driving schools don’t include defensive driving training in their curriculum. In my opinion it should be made mandatory for every driving school to offer it. That way every person going through a driving course will actually come out fully equipped with not only usual driving skills, but also with some serious life saving skills that’s important in our day to day lives as far as road usage is concerned. We will write a custom essay sample on Defensive Driving or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Driving schools today offer very many driving courses. Most of these courses are unnecessary for some drivers and taking them is a waste of time and money. For example, why would somebody take a heavy commercial driving course while he or she joined the school to know how to drive a personal car to work? It is even sadder that other people ignore going for defensive driving courses and choose such irrelevant courses that does not fit them at that particular time. Instead of wasting money, time and energy on attending such extra courses, why not finish your intended course and use the extra time and money for defensive driving training? There are many advantages of taking a defensive driving course that it actually sounds irritating to learn that a number of drivers have the guts to forego it. Here are some well known advantages of taking a defensive driving course. Drivers are able to learn different ways of driving in bad or extreme weather like winter and rain. Driving in these conditions is not easy especially if your car is not designed with a capability to handle such situations. Learning to drive in bad weather does not only save lives but also money, as you will be able to avoid situations that might make your car have regular break downs. It makes drivers responsible therefore creating a society of responsible road users. When people become responsible bad things don’t happen. Nobody will actually get worried of his or her safety while on the road. Defensive driving training teaches techniques that offer protection that saves a lot when involved in a neck to neck situation that might require you to handle road rage and speeding. If you think you can handle such situations without ever taking defensive driving classes then you must have watched too many movies. What you see on movies are fictions, but you must also understand that some of them depict real life situations. So don’t think such situations are as easy as what you see on TV or as easy as 123. In real life there is no gambling, you have to take the course to help yourself in such situations if caught up in any.