Philosophy of Education Idealism

The Philosophy of Education Ideals A standard by which we Judge things In our existence. Simple apprehension our intelligent apprehends or understands the nature or substance or essence of things. The essence is represented by an idea in the mind by the mind. Once an idea is formed, we compare it with another idea and pronounce their agreement or disagreement of one idea with another idea and we come up to Judgment. A philosophical approach that has as its central tenet (belief, view) that ideas are the only true reality and the only thing worth knowing.Emphasizes the study of man more and more because man is endowed with higher intellectual powers and show greater level of intelligence and discrimination and by his own moral and spiritual activities he has created. Idealism recognizes Ideas, feelings and Ideals more Important than material objects and at the same time emphasizes that the human development should be according to moral, ethical and spiritual values so that he acquires the knowledge A philosophical belief and outlook that material things do not exist Independently In the physical world but only In mind.A father of Idealism A Greek philosopher, who was remarkably equipped with natural endowments Plato did not think that man created knowledge. Rather, man discovered knowledge and always have stressed the Importance of mind over matter Plat's method of dialogue engaged in systematic, logical examination of all points of view†¦ Plat's idea was that the philosopher-king must be not only a thinker but also a doer. Dialectic (Socratic Method): A method of reasoning In which the conflict or contrast of Ideas Is utilized as a means of detecting the truth. Christian philosopher to formulate the doctrines of his religion in the most comprehensive and enduring manner take the position that matter might exist, but in a generally detrimental way. The search for truth is a search for God, and a true education leads one to God George W. F. Hegel A Gamma Heg el was sensitive to change. Change, development, and movement are all central and necessary in Hedge's logic. Ralph Wald Emerson An American Developed a variety of idealism known as transcendentalism Frederica Forbore based on kindergarten theory of idealism.

Tourism Project for San Juan

Project Proposal:Multidisciplinary Research Programs Towards the Realization of Sustainable Integrated Tourism Development for the Municipality of San Juan I. Proponent:University of Batangas through the Center for Research, Publications, and Extension and the Batangas Heritage Center II. Duration:January 2013 – June 2013 III. Implementing Agency :University of Batangas through its agencies and the Municipality of San Juan, Batangas through the Office of the Mayor and the Municipal CouncilIV. Funding Agency:Municipality of San Juan, Batangas V. Brief Description of the Project: San Juan, a first class municipality and the second largest town in the Province of Batangas, has been considered in its admirable history as the cradle of heroism and bravery. The geography and culture of San Juan, now famous both nationally and internationally have elevated the status of this municipality to rank it amongst the most attractive destinations in the Philippines.However, San Juan’s potential to soar to greater heights needs to be discovered through the assistance of an academic institution who have proven to be capable of providing the support to San Juan because of its research experiences and capabilities. This is the reason why the University of Batangas and the Municipality of San Juan should work hand in hand so that a dream for greatness may be achieved.University of Batangas is an institution known not only for its ability to produce quality graduates but also for its capability to come up with multi-disciplinary research that will be beneficial for the developmental projects of the Municipality of San Juan. This capability of UB is proven by the quality refereed research paper that it produced covering the different disciplines from the sciences and mathematics, to humanities and social sciences.For the San Juan research programs, UB will make available its manpower resources through the UB Center for Research, Publications, and Extension (CRPE) and t he following will make up the research structure of UB for San Juan Projects: 1. Consultants for the Project: a. Dr. Abegayle Machelle Perez-Chua, UB Vice President for Academic Affairs and Dean of the UB College of Allied Medical Sciences b. Atty. Jesus Victor Mayo, UB Vice President for Students and External Affairs c. Dr. Florencio V. Reyes, UB Assistant Vice President for Academics, Research, and Accreditations . Clusters: a. Humanities (Philosophy, History, Culture, and the Arts), Social Science, and Teacher Education – to be headed by Dr. Lionel E. Buenaflor, whose research inclinations are on history, philosophy, and the arts. This cluster will focus on the study of the ceremonies, cultural texts, and other cultural material forms, festivals and their significance, historical narratives, social organizations, arts and crafts for the purpose of promoting the identity of the Batanguenos in general and of the people of San Juan, in particular.This cluster will be in charg e of the cultural and historical mapping and its intended output is to develop a heritage tour on San Juan’s colonial church, ancestral houses, and historical sites. b. Ecology and Natural Resources Management – this cluster will be headed by Dr. Percival Arthur Timothy Showers, whose field of expertise is on Marine Science, Oceanography and Environmental Sciences. The cluster will focus on both the aquatic and the terrestrial, i. e. , on the aspects of ecology that are significant and have potential for tourism activities.The researches on ecology under this cluster are expected to pave the way for adventure tourism in San Juan because it will identify and establish paths and jungle tracks for trekking, swimming, boat-hiring, kayaking, as well as birds, bats, plants, and aquatic species for photography, research, and sight-seeing. c. Socio-Economic Researches – This cluster will be in-charge of the socio-demographic profiling, the commodity flow and market patt erns, as well as the socio-economic profiling and resource use patterns of San Juan.This cluster will be headed by Prof. Grace A. Perdiguerra (Ph. D. Candidate) who is a native of San Juan and whose expertise also includes literature and the arts. By analyzing the socio-economic profile of the people of San Juan, the cluster will be responsible for creating activities and organizing seminars and workshops for livelihood programs, leading to the development of tourism in the municipality of San Juan. d. Environmental Sustainability – This cluster will be headed by Engr. Alma M. Kalaw (Ph.D. Candidate) whose field of expertise is not only Civil Engineering but also Environmental Engineering. This cluster will focus its study on potable water, waste water, solid wastes, road network availability, as well as on fuel sources. e. Tourism Development and Sustainability – This cluster will be headed by Prof. Jane Katrine Atienza (MA Candidate) whose expertise is on Tourism Ind ustry. This cluster will deal on the potentiality of San Juan to provide tourism services present in the area.It is the responsibility of this cluster to coordinate with other clusters in order to design the type of tourism that can be applicable in the different areas of San Juan. The services that it will provide for San Juan will include the analysis of amenities and facilities, transport and access, energy, water and waste management, as well as on the promotion and marketing of the whole of Municipality of San Juan as a tourist destination.The potential of San Juan as a tourism destination will be assessed through organizational interviews, community consultation and the bio-physical assessment from the preceding clusters above. f. Business Training and Development – This cluster will focus on organizing seminars and workshops for the people of the Municipality of San Juan in order to make the SanJuenos well-prepared for tourism activities and other entrepreneurial endea vors. This cluster will be headed by Prof. Francia Yvette Magpantay, MA, the head of the HRM Department in the College of Tourism and Hospitality Management in UB.This cluster has the aim of developing trainings for culinary arts and technical competencies for hotel and resort managements. g. Human Resource Management – This cluster will be headed by Dr. Catalino Mendoza. (please continue) This program of researches involving different clusters underscores the principle that tourism should be perceived as a supplementary, and not as an alternative source of income—an economic activity supplemental to the social functions of the residents as resource users and managers.It is expected that the output of the researches on the different areas will lead to extension programs that will address the perennial issues on environmental preservation and conservation, livelihood, youth rehabilitation programs, curriculum and educational programs designed for institutions like Day Care Centers, churches, and institutions that are responsible for culture and arts preservation.It is the aim of this research program to carefully analyze the present skills and knowledge of the people of San Juan so as to assess the necessity to render trainings in order to empower the local populace to manage their own tourism and to create methods for environmental protection. The project â€Å"Multidisciplinary Research Programs Towards the Realization of Sustainable Integrated Tourism Development for the Municipality of San Juan† is developed in order to provide technical support for San Juan towards the realization of the following objectives: . To come up with a promotional campaign plan for the Municipality of San Juan relative to the organization of tourism programs (which includes agri-tourism, heritage tourism, community-based tourism, adventure tourism, eco-tourism, and aquaculture tourism). This promotional campaign plan will be based from the cultural, historic al, and terrestrial mapping of the Municipality of San Juan in order to identify places where activities for tourism programs will be conducted.In addition to this, the promotional campaign plan will pave the way for the creation of a Municipal Museum and a Cultural Center where the culture of San Juan will be showcased and promoted. This is again through the technical support that UB will be providing to the people of San Juan. 2. To provide San Juan with livelihood and well-being workshops, trainings, and seminars.UB-CRPE is set to tap the different colleges and departments of University of Batangas in order to organize livelihood trainings, seminars related to health awareness, and entrepreneurial workshops in order to guide the people towards the attainment of a better and more decent life. 3. To organize environmental awareness and protection programs. San Juan has been endowed by God with a fruitful land and a well-balanced ecology that is worthy of being preserved and develop ed.In this regard, UB CRPE’s research experience related to the ecosystem, as well as its linkages to agencies and NGO’s will be worthy enough to assist the Municipality of San Juan to come up with programs for the protection and improvement of San Juan’s ecosystem. It is the intention of UB to organize in San Juan an Ecology Society, which will be comprised of the SanJueno teachers, municipal workers, and other environmental enthusiast, whose job is to propagate species of San Juan’s flora and fauna as well as to protect environment and disseminate information on environmental protection.UB will also introduce to San Juan the Dark Green Project intended to the different public and private schools for the students to develop appreciation and initiatives on environmental protection. 4. To make plans for research trainings for municipal workers and teachers of both private and public schools in San Juan. Aside from the San Juan Ecology Society that UB inten ds to organize for the people of San Juan, it also has the intention of establishing a Historical Society, whose members are the SanJueno writers and historians and whose job is to conduct studies and researches on the history, culture, and the arts of San Juan.This is for the purpose of developing among the people of San Juan a great pride in their cultural heritage. Expected Output For this project proposal, the following will be the expected output based on the given objectives. I. Promotional Campaign Plan for the Municipality of San Juan 1. Resources Mapping a. Cultural Mapping b. Natural Resources Mapping c. Historical Mapping i. Built Heritage ii. Intangible Heritage 2. Organization of tourism programs a. Ecotourism b. Health and wellness tourism c.Heritage tourism d. Adventure tourism e. Agri-tourism f. Community-based tourism 3. Establishment of municipal museum and San Juan Cultural Center 4. Plans for development of promotional materials/collateral (brochures, maps, etc) 5. Training / workshop on conduct of tourist statistics 6. Linkage project with ABS-CBN for Travel Magazine Show and Publications 7. Technical assistance on organizing events for promotion of San Juan and its tourism industry II. Livelihood and Well-being workshops . TESDA Competency Skills Trainings i. Food and Beverage Services ii. Commercial Cooking iii. Front Office Service iv. Housekeeping Services v. Tour Guiding Services vi. Bartending b. ETEEAP Short-term Courses c. Workshop on developing tour packages d. Culinary Entrepreneurship e. Short term course on Creative Writing, Performing Arts & Visual Arts f. Cultural Entrepreneurship Course III. Environmental Awareness and Protection Programs a. Mangrove Rehabilitation b. Dark Green Project c.Lnd Surveying, site Development, Ground Water Resources Assessment d. Mapping of Flora and Fauna IV. Research Trainings a. Organization of San Juan Historical Society i. Publications of Local Book ii. Publication of Coffee Table books and C ookbook of San Juan foods and beverages b. Organization of San Juan Ecology Society c. Organization of Barangay Cooperatives d. Writing and Publication of Travel Guide Book Curriculum Vitae of the UB Researchers Educational background Seminars and trainings Professional Linkages

Organizational Development Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Organizational Development - Assignment Example Its use is to solve problems within the organization or as a way to analyze a process and find a more efficient way of doing it. This study entails to discuss the importance of clarifying the organizations issue and determining the OD team members besides discussing what to consider when selecting an OD practitioner. Since in every organisation there must be a set of problems attached to it, the desire to achieve should be the managers’ drive towards achieving Organizational Development. The initial processes in the OD practice are vital in that they help to define organisation’s problems and opportunities for improvement as well as design meant to resolve predicaments collaboratively. For better results, views of all members should be greatly valued (Cumnings & Worley, 2009). In the diagnosis stage, both organisational members and agents of change should be involved in finding determinants of the current success and defining new instruments of realizing extra development. This improves the organisational effectiveness, innovativeness and competitiveness in the entire market. The process makes out the areas of institutional operations where change is required. Organizational development simplifies the process of developing effective change management programs (Cumnings & Worley, 20 09). Discovering the present realities, considering future possibilities, evaluating, and prioritizing alternatives for change should drive the managers desire to choose an OD practitioner (Rothwell et al.

Maritime Transportation Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Maritime Transportation Industry - Essay Example However, the maritime transportation industry could be considered as having reached its peak and is now falling out of popularity due to the many problems and challenges the industry is now facing. These problems are listed and discussed in the following: Unlike trucks and planes, ships operate in a much more extreme environment. The ship, exposed to highly-corrosive and oxidative seawater, develops rust easily and can have its parts heavily damaged in just one delivery especially if it encountered storms during the trip. Compounding the problem is the incrustation of ship hulls, particularly the underside, by bacteria, algae and other sea organisms. Incrustations destroy paint making it easier for the metal of the ship to corrode. A heavy layer of organisms increases drag and leads to higher fuel costs. It can also cause accidents, impaired navigational ability and even the loss of the vessel. These are grave problems unique only to the maritime shipping industry which makes it more dangerous than other transportation method. (GAO, 2002) One big problem with the maritime transportation industry is that it is very sensitive to instabilities in the industry. In the 1980s, the changing pattern of international trade combined with rapid technological developments resulted in many structural and technological changes in the world shipping industry (Sussman, 2002). The fast rise and fall of other industries that were sources of job orders of the maritime industry meant that there could be a rapid decline or surge in seaborne trade. A decline could wreak havoc in the maritime transport industry because the maritime transport fleet is unable to respond quickly as existing tonnage cannot be easily redeployed and contractual obligations for the construction or order of additional ships cannot be easily removed without substantial financial penalties. This characteristic of maritime transport could lead to excess tonnage situations such as what happened in the 1970s when seaborne trade started to diminish, especially in the pe troleum trades. The result was that there was a severe imbalance between supply and demand which peaked in 1983 when surplus tonnage amounted to 28.5% of the world fleet. This means that when there is a decline in maritime trade, the maritime transport would easily suffer from huge losses incurred in contract obligations and fall out of the industry which creates a void in suppliers of the service. (Department of Transportation, 2007; Pedraja, 1994) 2.3 Restrictive Shipping Practices According to Donn (2006), unlike air and land transport of goods,

Market Model Patterns of Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Market Model Patterns of Change - Essay Example According to International Business (2009), the Coca-Cola Company used to be a monopoly initially when there were no competitors. This is because it was the only seller that had a well-defined commodity since there were no substantial substitutes of a similar commodity from other firms into the market. However, the Coca-Cola Company can no longer be defined as a monopoly. Its market model (monopoly) has undergone change into oligopoly. International Business (2009) argues that this is due to the presence of the Pepsi and Schweppes Companies among others that have brought plenty of competition in the market for the Coca-Cola Company, with all their products. For the oligopoly market, model, each supplier has a possibility of influencing the market price; thus, leading to competition among the suppliers. In an oligopoly market model, there are only a few industries that dominate the market. For instance, the Coca-Cola Company and Pepsi dominate the bottled and canned soft drinks indust ry, in most countries. They have control over the market prices and supplies and have high barriers to entry. Their products are nearly identical; hence, the companies involved compete for the market share, and are independent due to the market forces. According to Barlow (2005) there are short-run and long-run behaviors of oligopoly. Long run can be described as a period in which all factors of production, as well as cost, are variable. In this case, industries are able to adjust to cost. The short run refers to a period where the quality of some inputs cannot be raised beyond the priced amount that is available; hence, short run industries can only be able to influence the prices through adjustments made to production. However, in economics, long run models can shift from short run equilibrium where the supply and demand, reacts to price levels with more flexibility. Thus, oligopolistic companies share a variety of short run and long run behaviors such as interdependence, rigid pr ices, competition, mergers and collusion (Barlow, 2005). The Bertrand model and the contestable markets theory leads to a long run oligopoly market-equilibrium price and output solution, which is similar to that achieved in a competitive market (International Business, 2009). Bertrand argues that products and production costs are identical or similar the customers are likely to purchase from the company selling at the lowest possible price. In addition, the kinked demand curve model of oligopoly that was developed by Paul Sweezy assumes that a business in an oligopoly may face a dual demand curve for its product based on the reactions of other companies in the market to a change in its variables (Cameron and Green, 2009). Thus, short-lived price war between rival companies happens under this model, in which firms are seeking to seize a short term advantage and gain some extra market share. Areas in the company that could lead to transaction costs include the global environment, the competitive environment and the socio-cultural differences. The global environment has become quite sensitive forcing many companies that operate locally to join the global market; thus, resulting in globalization. The Coca-Cola Company is also sensitive to the strategies of globalization, which has led to high competition, as well as to transactions costs. The competitive environment also plays a similar role. Coca-Cola Company, which is a

Direct and e-Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Direct and e-Marketing - Essay Example One of the basic principles of the Direct Marketing is usage of a database for storing personal customer data and their purchase history. Roll notes that fundamental benefit to the business is that you are able to treat your existing customers in a different way to new prospects and thus create loyalty and maximize profitability. (Roll 2003) So the main purpose of the Direct and e-Marketing for Les Cadeaux Gourmets is to carry out an active strategy and to get more sales from the returned customers. Customer lifetime value (also variously referred to as lifetime customer value or just lifetime value, and abbreviated CLV, LCV, or LTV) is a marketing metric that projects the value of a customer over the entire history of that customer's relationship with a company. Use of customer lifetime value as a marketing metric tends to place greater emphasis on customer service and long-term customer satisfaction, rather than on maximizing short-term sales. (Wikipedia). As Les Cadeaux Gourmets spend some money for advertisement to attract a number of customers, it would be unreasoned to loose them. Calculating customer lifetime value will help company to know exactly how much each customer is worth in dollar terms and therefore exactly how much a marketing department should be willing to spend to acquire each customer. Thus it would be possible to range customers from the most profitable to the least ones and to concentrate the company's efforts on the most profitable customers. Use of customer lifetime value can also help to predict what customers will buy over years. For example, if Mary Smith buys a toy for a 4-year baby in 2005, she will probably order a toy for a 5-year baby in 2006. If Mr. Jones buys bath & body care pieces in March three years in a row, it's possible to make a conclusion that he makes presents for the birthday of his wife and send offering with new products to him in the next March. So Les Cadeaux Gourmets should truck its customers' purchases and use them for planning its advertising campaign. Also the company should monitor customers' responses over time for as long as the relationship with them lasts. Geodemographic profiling uses detailed information based on postcode to match differing lifestyle profiles to the customer database. Postcodes do not resolve down to individual addresses but provide pretty good targeting. Les Cadeaux Gourmets can use geodemographic division of customers into some categories and then offer its goods to each specific category. For example, customers ranking by nationality allows taking into consideration national traditions. Les Cadeaux Gourmets can congratulate customers from Israel with Hanukah, customers from the Middle East with Ramadan and wish other customers Merry Christmas. As a result of this national-specific proposals could be sent to each category. Use of external database with information about postcodes and countries also allows choosing seasonal proposals: in winter there is cold in the US and hot in Australia. Les Cadeaux Gourmets can use this information for advertising of clothes and other season-specific goods. Special databases cover such categories as consumer expenditure, crime statistics, business and employment, and many others. One of the more powerful special databases is called a segmentation system. A segmentation system is useful because it allows users to add another dimension by displaying lifestyle clusters

A critique of the national literacy framework and the hour Essay

A critique of the national literacy framework and the hour - Essay Example The literacy hour is a means of implementing the objectives designed by the Framework. In this one hour teachers devote themselves entirely to making literates of their students.The National Literacy Framework and the training it provides are based on the National Literacy Project. Its aim is laudable and it has shown a degree of success in improving literacy standards. However it has been condemned on a number of counts and many teachers are up in arms against it. Therefore it is imperative for a teacher to subject the Framework and the literacy hour to intense scrutiny and analyze its positive and negative features with respect to the subject of teaching of reading. This examination with its salient features and results are outlined below.In the words of Jeanne S.Chall and Steven Stahl, reading is an "activity characterized by the translation of symbols, or letters, into words and sentences that have meaning to the individual". From their earliest years, children acquire the skills needed for learning to read. According to Chall and Stahl children as they become acclimatized to the sounds in their environment, "learn that spoken words are composed of separate sounds and that letters can represent these sounds." Itzhoff (1996:20) also stresses the importance of language proficiency in reading proficiency. Therefore parents can help children on their journey to fluent reading by diligently reading bedtime stories, having conversations and indulging in language play. Children having equipped themselves with these skills are now ready to learn reading. The National Literacy Framework has outlined three levels of work that children have to master in order to become literate; 1. Word-level work that includes phonics, proficiency in spelling and an improving vocabulary. 2. Sentence-level work pertaining to grammatical and punctuation rules. 3. Text-level work with regard to comprehension and composition skills. Wray et al. (2001:2) state that, "Each of these three levels was seen as essential to effective reading and writing and there is a close interrelationship between them." It now remains for the teacher to impart knowledge to the students about these skills as they constitute the entire foundation of their future proficiency in reading and writing. EFFECTIVE TEACHERS AND METHODS OF TEACHING "Success in literacy is measured not by what children know about texts, print etc. but by what they can do with them."(Wray et al. 2001:6) this statement captures the essence of what literacy is meant to do. The prerequisites for effective teachers and methods of teaching given below are derived from the research done by Wray, Medwell, Poulson and Fox. Effective teachers have a clear idea of what they are going to teach and how they are going to go about it. They are systematic in their teaching methods. Teaching is done using "shared" texts, where the teacher and students pool their resources to negotiate their way through the obscure and sometimes treacherous terrain of grammar, punctuation and other literacy essentials. The many aspects of reading and writing are taught not as so many isolated shards of information but as part of a larger, comprehensive whole. Good teachers have well-developed system for monitoring every individual student's progress and catering to their needs accordingly. Effective methods of teaching include careful attention to the teaching of pronunciation, word features like syllables and inflections, synonyms, punctuations, grammatical constructions etc. A suitable "literate environment" must be constructed bearing in mind a

Marketing report (Strategic analysis of Primark Stores Ltd.) Assignment

Marketing report (Strategic analysis of Primark Stores Ltd.) - Assignment Example Data gathering as a methodology of research is done in an exploratory manner. Sources of data come from secondary information from published statistics, journals and company website. Result of the situation analysis provides Primark vital information as to changes of objectives, strategies and marketing plan in order to attain profitability of the company. Proposal for new objectives, strategies and marketing plan is recommended. Part 1 showed that economic factors slows down growth of the industry, thus limiting potentials of Primark in UK; their leadership in the market is threatened by stiff competition, and that the image created by their â€Å"cheap† product does not augurs well for the company. In view of these findings, part 2 shows changes in the marketing objectives, strategies and marketing plan in order to correspond with the findings. Situation analysis has been done in order to provide information as to decisions for changes and improvement of the company. Title: Strategic Analysis of Primark Stores Ltd. From: To: Date: Strategic analysis of Primark Stores Ltd. Introduction This report comes in two parts. First part reports on the situational analysis of the environmental factors that influences strategic decision of Primark Stores Ltd. Second part details the strategic choices company should undertake in response to the major issues identified in the situation analysis. ... Part 2 includes recommendation for new marketing objectives, targeting and positioning, growth strategies, competitive advantage and a marketing mix program. Method of research. This will be an exploratory research wherein secondary data is gathered from published journals, company website, books and internet sources. Data is collated to form a concrete opinion and findings. Findings will be relevant to the company in forming strategic marketing decisions to improve strategies and approaches in Primark’s operation. Findings and discussion . Part 1. Report begins with the internal analysis of the company, and the external analysis of customers, competitors, and climate. Company. The Primark Stores Ltd. Started operations in Dublin, Ireland in June 1969. Today, it has expanded operations in other places; has increased the total number of its stores from 191 in 2009 to 204 in 2010 and plans to enlarge the number of their stores thru expansion by region. Their stores are located i n Republic of Ireland, United Kingdom, Iberia, Spain and in other places Its product line includes women’s wear, lingerie, children’s wear, men’s wear, footwear, accessories, hosiery and home ware. Image created in the market is the cheapest clothing retailer. Primark has become a fashion sensation through its high quality, high fashion basics culture. Immediate goal is to achieve profitability through expansion into new countries, arrive at new products that will excite customers and staff alike. Primark has established its leadership in the market through low cost and differentiation strategies to get the loyalty of its customers. Primark, in its annual report, has reported a 35% increase in income and is considered as an

Structural Theory of Conflict Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Structural Theory of Conflict - Research Paper Example However, since the 1970s newer approaches have started to come out with new concepts of criminology. All of these approaches evolved into what is now known as left realism. The major difference which can be found between the left idealism and left realism is a moral issue which will be discovered later in this article. Traditional Marxist Theories Marx himself had very little to say about crime. He merely explained it as a product of poverty. However, there are other sociologists who have built the traditional Marxist approach to crime. There are four main areas which are discussed by the traditional Marxist approach: the manipulation of values; the process of law creation; the enforcement of law; and individual motivation. According to the Marxists society is controlled by powerful industrialists- bourgeoisie. Control is maintained in the society by means of socialization and threat. Through the process of socialization the young are taught to obey the power and value of the capital ist system. A wide range of social institutions such as the school, mass media and religion convey the message to the masses. Marxists claim that the meaning of crime depends upon the dominant social values. A very valid example would be that the murder of a person in a brawl will be counted as a severe crime but the death of a factory worker is considered an accident even though the cause of the accident might be the irresponsible attitude of the management. The problem which results from this is that the perception which is created through the sociological institutions that much of the crime is carried out by the youth, or the working class men or the black. This creates an ideology which causes the law enforcement agencies to focus more on these people and as a consequence there are more policemen in such areas. According to concepts of Marx law is created by the ruling class. The ruling class ensures that the laws not only maintain their dominance but they also provide them the freedom to carry out oppression and also preventing the working class for improving their standard of living. Marxists also argue that the law enforcement acts as a major catalyst in widening the gap between the ruling class and the working class. This is quite visible by the way that crime is handled. Street crimes are more likely to be punished more severely than white-collar crimes. This is compounded by the fact that white-collar crimes are very likely to be dealt by the firm itself by firing etc. to avoid the scandals. Apart from this the treatment of these crimes is also a question mark on the law enforcement system where street crimes might result in long jail sentences whereas corporate or white-collar crimes usually only result in heavy crimes. Two areas which are explained and discussed extensively in Marxist studies are mugging and corporate crime. When ‘mugging’ is discussed most important details are provided by Hall et al. (1979) in the book policing the C risis.’ It was in the early 1970s that mugging became the headline news in Britain. Mugging can be defined as robbery in the streets where the person is threatened or harmed. Mugging was an entirely new concept for the masses and simultaneously grabbed the focus of the news agencies who from time to time reported these crimes. This had increased such that the stat came out that it had increased by 129

Assignment GCC Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

GCC - Assignment Example However, the country regains a positive mark in 2011 by a positive GDP growth (Bank). The GDP per capita depicts the value that each citizen within the country’s borders produces. The indicator is used to show the standards of living of the population. As per the data above, the GDP per capita reduces from the year 2007 to the year 2011. The scenario is despite the fact that the values do not differ too much from country to country. The inflation level in all the GCC countries has been on the rise from the year 2007. The implications are that the prices of normal goods and services are on the rise over the years. In some of the countries, the figure has grown over four times. For instance, the case of Kuwait, the inflation indicator in 2007 is 4.3 while for the year 2011 it is 21.3. The Genuine Progress Indicator thus depicts a scenario whereby the countries tend to experience negative growth whereas some of the countries are in stagnation in terms of economic

Colony Textile Mills Essay Example for Free

Colony Textile Mills Essay History Colony Group is one of the leading and oldest Textile Manufacturing group in Pakistan. The 1st industrial venture of the group was in cotton ginning sector back in 1881. Gradually the group diversified in to flour milling in the early 1900s. First textile spinning plant was put up in 1946 under the name of Colony Textile Mills Limited. The Group further ventured in to Banking, Insurance, Cement, and Power Generation Distribution. By 1952 Colony Textile Mills Limited was a composite textile plant with a 120,000 spindles, 1,500 looms, and fabric finishing capacity in excess of 150,000 meters per day. Nationalization of 1972 took most of the business away, leaving Textile and Insurance in the Group. Presently, there are two companies in the group, namely, Colony Textile Mills Limited (CTM) with about 195,000 Spindles, and Colony Industries (Pvt. ) Limited (CIL), consisting of 35,000 Spindles and 418 Air Jet Looms. Width | Looms| | 190cm| 180| 176 Cam +12 Dobby + 12 Crank (20 Looms with Batchers)| 210cm| 24| 24 Cam Looms (4 Looms with Batchers)| 280cm| 26| 20 Cam + 6 Dobby| 340cm| 188| 174 Cam + 14 Dobby| Competitive Dimensions CIL is a very strong and only group that has 418 Looms in same place. This helps in fulfilment of large orders at high speed. If the looms are installed at different locations large orders cannot be processed because of factors like communication barrier and increased cost of transportation etc. Another unique thing CIL has is the Automatic Drawing in machine. When order of new quality is received it needs to be designed for the loom to work on. If manually this process is done the time required to feed the new design in the loom would be around 16 hours. The time CIL takes to do the same task is just 2 hours with better efficiency. This automated machine is only available at CIL and increases order fulfilment speed. The power requirement for the setup of 418 looms, compressor fleets and other support functions is 8MW. The cost of power i. e. electricity is reduced to a greater extent by manufacturing through its own power generation system which produces 10MW through Natural gas. Moreover for an uninterrupted supply of electricity CIL has its own grid station. Similarly CIL’s own compressors fleet decreases the cost of raw material i. e. compressed air which prevents the machinery from heating up and maintain humidity and temperatures. Capacity Capacity or the production of looms greatly depends upon the quality of fabric. If fabric is of high quality production will be less. The reason behind this is high quality fabric uses fine threads. Production also depends upon the number of threads used in manufacturing. 6 million meters per month approx production has been recorded by CIL. Initially there were 120 looms at CIL. Capacity addition was done in March 2005 and 154 looms were added. Capacity addition for the 2nd time was done at the end of 3rd quarter by adding 144 looms making production capacity of 6. 0 million meters fabric per month. Core Services and Value Added Services The core service of CIL is grey fabric manufacturing. They don’t provide internal information of accounts, operations etc. to external people. However they provide samples to their clients which are sales support. Field support is also not easy in this weaving business but they do rectify the error within the specified time. Fail Safing techniques Automated motion sensors Automated motion sensors stop the process of creeling, sizing and weaving whenever a thread breaks down or any error appears in the process. This prevents errors from increasing. Online Inspection System Online Inspection system is a manual system by which errors can be checked by mills manager. The data is fed to the system by operators and is evaluated by mills manager for removal of errors. During Production Checks Technicians and operators are responsible for checking and removing the errors during production. After Production Checks Inspection and folding department rectifies error if it still exists before packing. After packing the order is randomly checked so that client gets error free order. Process Selection The type of processes they are using at the most basic level is Fabrication rocess that means Colony Industry converts their raw material i. e. raw yarn to grey fabric. Grey fabric is the form of fabric before printing or dying. This process of fabrication is termed as Weaving in the terminology of Textile business. Yarn flow is organized in the factory by process technology known as batch shop. Yarn is retrieved from yarn procurement department as the order is receive d for the production of grey fabric and then it is processed in the form of batches or order. Mill consists of 3 Units each having 2 Sheds which are control units. Hierarchy of authority is in Appendix. Each Unit is headed by Mills manger and so on. Production in charge are responsible for 60, senior technicians for 16 and Operators for 4-6 looms. Warping Creeling Quality Check Yarn High Spinning Mill Low Sizing Head Stock Warper Beams Drawing In Sizing Roll Inspection Bales Packaging Weaving Approve Pallets Disapprove Storage Treatable Treat Yes No Waste No Flow Chart Marketing department receives order and transfer production order to the mill. Mill staff plans the order and tells yarn procurement department for yarn purchase. This department purchases yarn from colony’s spinning mill and other spinning mills. The yarn is not stored at the mill but it is received from the source when needed. Once yarn is received by the mill it is sent to quality check department for inspection where yarn is weighed and tested for hair and tension. If the yarn is not approved, it is sent back to the source otherwise it is transferred to the next department. This yarn is in the form of spindles which is loaded on creeling machine manually. Then the process of warping starts in which these spindles are unrolled and rolled on the warping beams which are then transferred for sizing. In the process of sizing, starch and polyvinyl along with some other chemicals and water are cooked and applied to the yarn. This process makes yarn able to go through the next steps by increasing its strength and elasticity. After drying the yarn, ends are separated in a manner that they do not stick to each other. This dried yarn is rolled on temporary storage which has the size according to the width of the cloth known as sizing head stock. After the process of drawing in as explained previously, it is injected to the loom for the process of weaving. The temperature is controlled by a special system of compressor fleet. Once weaving is done, inspection of each inch of cloth is done for quality assurance where decision is made regarding acceptance, rejection and mending of cloth. After approval, it is sent for packing as mentioned in production order and if fabric is not approved, it is mended otherwise it is sent to the waste. Back Process: In Warping, the whole set-up is of Ben-Direct Benninger V 1080/2400. Colony Ind. has 6 Warping machines with the Creel Capacity of 1080 each. Each machine is with the electronic sensors for the tracing of broken ends. In Sizing, Colony has the Ben-Sizetech Zell KVE, Creel 32 WW/4000 machines. Colony has 4 Sizing machines, 3 with the Head Stock size of 4 meters. Total Creel Capacity ranges from 16 (1 m/c) to 28 (1 m/c) till 32 (2 m/c’s). The Sizing machine is with pre-wet technology with double dip sow-box. Colony has an additional facility of Beam Stacker which is not found anywhere else in Pakistan. Colony is equipped with 2 Beam Stacker from Formia Nova of Italy with total of 65 bars holding the capacity of 195 no of beams for Narrow 130 no of beams for Wider. DRAWING-IN Colony has the state of the art 2 Automatic Drawing-In machine which is found rare in Pakistan. One machine is from Staubli (Delta 110-4) which has the capacity of 150,000 ends/day filling with the speed of 140 threads/min. The 2nd machine is from ELM S. P. A (Super Vega) which has the 80 threads/min filling speed. Weaving Colony has the total production of 6. 00 million meters fabric/month with 418 looms all of Toyota JAT 710 in production. In the 190 cm section (Narrow looms), they have 180 looms, 24 with the batching motions. Folding machines has the total capacity of 25k/shift/machine. Rolling machine is with the production of 10000 meters fabric/shift/machine Quality Inspection/folding is the process for quality checks. In this process each inch of fabric is inspected. The quality of fabric depends upon the discretion of client and is checked according to the efficiency of loom stated in Production Order. Price also increases with the fineness of the fabric. During the process if any defect is found than it is decided according to the nature of the defect whether to allow it or treat the fabric. Then fabric is categorized into three grades A, B and C. A is finest category and is considered to be of export quality, while B and C are of lower quality. They follow 4 point system which allows maximum of 4 errors and is world wide accepted. Colony has fully equipped Quality Lab with all kind of testing equipments including the Uster Tester 4 for yarn checking. Quality Lab make sure that there is no compromise in the quality of the yarn used the fabric produced. The whole set-up has the check points from Quality Department from Back Process to Article, from Inspection to packing, thus resulting in the production of 1st class A-Grade fabric as committed. Colony has the Wrapping Reel from Mesdan Italy with the Model # S-389 A used for the making of lea. It follows the ASTM standard of D-1907-01. Auto Sorter is from Uster Switzerland with the Model PR 503 DR. Most Important machine in the Lab of colony is Uster UT -4 with the Model SE 400101-02100. Make of UT-4 is from Uster Switzerland for the checking of IPI’s in the yarn. For the checking of Hairiness in the yarn, colony has the Hairiness Tester from Zweigle Germany with the Model G-567. To check the Tear Strength of the fabric, colony has the Tear Strength Tester from Zweigle Germany with the model FX-3750. Their primary focus is quality because CIL is export based company. If quality is not up to the mark clients move to Bangladesh and China because they provide cheap products with low quality. Pakistani fabric is famous for its high quality and perfection. Recommendations: 1. Sales of local sector are dependent on few companies. The proportion of sales should be changed so that colony’s risk is minimized. This will also help in improving performance as it will result in sale increase. 2. Sale per order should be considered and goal should be â€Å"the more worth of order, higher should be the frequency of order. 3. Monitoring systems that allows online communication and control of looms should be installed to manage the system more accurately. 4. Employees should be decreased by bringing in automated creeling machine which reduces the time by automatically removing the spindles once the thread is removed from them. 5. Operations focus should be on wide looms as they have s aid that these wide looms have generated greater inflows. 6. Capacity addition should be kept in view as it has been around 3 years now before the last addition was made. 7. Training of employees by sending them to technical institutes abroad should be done as fail safing technique to reduce the chance of defect in the fabric. 8. Colony has fewer inflows in exports and greater in local therefore sales efforts should be engaged to increase local orders and increase inflows from exports. 9. Colony should use ingredient branding like they can market their cloth by informing clients about the brand of Looms Company have installed. 10. Operations policy should be made and reviewed continuously. Every employee should be involved in designing the policy. Appendix

Importance of Honesty

Importance of Honesty The importance of honesty is a value that has always been taught in the family, society and school. Honesty is a value that has many advantages and disadvantages. In occasions it is better to not say things because they will hurt the others. But then it is important to be honest with people. Because this way you will earn peopleÂÂ ´s respect. After looking at many definitions of honesty, the best one or the one that fits this particular context is the following: Honesty has its advantages and disadvantages. This is normal it is like resembling to fact that if white exists; black must also exist in order to contrast. The good thing about being honest is that people keep itÂÂ ´s ideals they show who they are. They do not lie because of the fear of being judged. The disadvantage of being honest is that it will hurt others, and that it might break up relations. In occasions the truth hurt and people do not want to hear the truth and they get upset with the person that is telling them the truth. ÂÂ ¹ definition http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2009/12/13/jun05.asp Honesty is the main reason to trust a person. It is the instrument to talk with the truth and win others trust. A person that has won itÂÂ ´s friend trust is a person that is honest. The society as well as itÂÂ ´s family members will have confidence and feel that they can rely on the person. When people are honest they begin to acquire fame. If you have good fame, it will be easier to have friends are you will feel n a good environment. Being honest also helps, because if you have nothing to hide, the behavior you will have is a relaxed one. But on the other hand when a person is not honest it is always worrying that the lies he has told are going to be discovered. He will always have to be careful, with each move or comments he makes. There are many forms of not being honest, one of them is when details are omitted or avoided. This is the most common form of being dishonest. The other form is when you make up lies in order to favor someone or achieve something. When people are not being honest it is because they fear that if they are honest something bad will happen. For example, women are more honest than man. When a women sees her friends boyfriend with another girl. She will call her friend and tell her about her boyfriend. Even though she is conscious that she might lose her friendÂÂ ´s friendship but she still tells the truth. Unfortunately people interpret this as being a nosy person. This is not true because woman only watch each others back. Woman also do not want to do to others what they donÂÂ ´t want to be done to them. Another example of being honest is when women ask each other, how they look and if that cloth suits them. They are always telling the truth. On the other hand men do not act this way, they always say what they know will get him something in exchange. They have the courage or can stand being with another person even though; they are married or have a girlfriend. They are not honest and many times live with this and feel no regret what so ever. Thanks to this it always attributed hat men cannot be loyal, that they are unfaithful because of their nature. A person that is not honest, is a person that is hated because everyone think that he is a hypocrite and that they donÂÂ ´t deserve the friendship. Or when they really need the help, no one will be there for them, because it will be very hard to difference when they are honest or dishonest. The books that are being analyzed are The PilotÂÂ ´s wife and the color of water. They show why it is important to be honest and how this affects peopleÂÂ ´s lives and change their lives. In the pilotÂÂ ´s wife Jack was not being honest with his wife, and the consequence of this was that even though he was dead his wife lost the confidence she had in him. She no longer believed the things he told her, or the love he had towards her. He was not honest with himself because he wanted to live a lie. And he did not want to be conscious and accept the things he did were bad, and that he was only making his wife suffer. Jack did not realize that magnitude of the problem he was getting in to just because he was not honest. After his death many people thought that jack had not been honest with society. Apparently the way in which jack died was considered a suicide and not an accident. His friend and relatives could not believe this, they thought that jack had a nice life and that he did not have any problems that would take him to do such an act. They also felt bad for Kathryn and her daughter, especially now that they knew that jack was not being honest with them. And that he had a double life. In the pilotÂÂ ´s wife there are many lies. Most of the characters were not honest; they were not honest with themselves and were not honest with the society. For example jack was not honest with his wife, Kathryn. He never told her that he had two families. This action talks bad about jack, because he was not honest with her. If jack was really in love with Kathryn he would have been honest. It is better to be honest even though this was going to hurt them. He should have thought in the consequences of his lies. Jack was not honest in many things and to many people; he was not honest to his daughter. If he had a good relationship with her he could have had the confidence to tell her the truth. But he preferred to live a lie. He also lied about his mother; he made everyone think that she was dead. When she was alive, only after jackÂÂ ´s death did they find the truth. At the end of the book Kathryn, has not learned the lesson, because she is not honest, she goes and visits jackÂÂ ´s other wife. But she doesnÂÂ ´t reveal the identity she does not trust the other woman, or maybe thinks that now that jack is dead it is not important to clear things up. KathrynÂÂ ´s form f behavior is not correct, because she does not have the right to chose and lie to another person. Well maybe not lie, but the fact that she is not being honest. Apparently both characters from this book still have not understood completely the importance of honesty in their lives. These characters are not adolescents and thereby know how to difference good from bad. This criteria or ability is developed as time passes. At home it is very common that parents are always telling their children to be honest and t not tell lies, because sooner or later the truth is reveled and when this happens everyone gets hurt. Because they feel betrayed, or feel they no longer know that person. The color of water, in this book honesty plays a very important role. This is because honesty is something that was not present in the book. But it played an important role. The story talks about James and how he discovers his heritage, and familyÂÂ ´s background. James is a black person, but his mother is white, he does not understand why his mother is white and he is black. When he was a child he thought that he was adopted. He grew up thinking that his mom was not honest with him. That she was lying to him about many things. Because of this action James doesnÂÂ ´t trust her. Only after he has started a deep investigation he realizes that his suspects were true but in the way in which he thought. He realized that his mother was not being honest because it was something painful for her to remember. Her past was full of pain and bad things. After James knows the entire story about his mom he tries to justify her acts and then realized that he has done badly in not trusting his mother. All though his mother was not completely honest but she had her reason. In this case honesty had disadvantages which were that James got hurt when he knew the truth about his father, and that his grandparents will never accept him because he is black, the main reason why his mother ran away from home was because she was in love with a black man and her family especially her parents totally disapproved this. This book has a lot of secrets and mysteries, all about James childhood and his mother background. The mother keeps her pregnancy as a secret by several years. As a consequence this brings a lot o f honestyÂÂ ´s problems. This is the type of thing that will hurt others and she tried to be very discreet about these issues. She did not want things like these to be known. She did not want to be honest with her family because she knew that they would not support. That is what she decided to abort the baby; she knew her situation and thought in the baby. At that time Ruth was too young and knew that she would not be able to care for the baby. She understood her situation by being honest with herself. . Ruth has no idea why two of her mothers sisters have not spoken for decades; their syndrome is kept secret. Ruth also kept the secret of Tatehs sexual abuse of her. These secrets from the past live in the present, haunting Ruth and complicating her relationship with her family. Mamehs sisters were more about money than anything else, and any hurts that popped up along the way, they just swept them under the rug. They were all trying hard to be American, you know, not knowing what to keep and what to leave behind. ÂÂ ¹ RuthÂÂ ´s family was being honest and dishonest at the same time; they were honest because they said the truth about not liking blacks. They were lying to themselves, when they started to hide their back ground and wanted to be completely Americans. In their attempt to wanting to be more American they lost their essence and lied to everyone. Honesty can harm people because if you are honest, people might take this as something bad. For example if Ruth tells others that her parents or racist, the society will also think she has this behavior and might not want to be with her. In both books the presence of honesty is very important, especially in the development of the story. The good things that can be taken from these books are that they teach honesty as the best policy. These books show that honesty has good and bad things at the same time. In the pilotÂÂ ´s wife it is completely unacceptable to be honest. The action of not being honest, harmed many people, the consequence of this was not suffered only by the wife but by the society. After this everyone lost hope in Jack he no longer was the respected Pilot, he was at the beginning. ÂÂ ¹ Quote take by internet: http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=1006040520860 At the end he was the liar, the one who cheated on his wife, among other things that were discovered as the novel developed. The topics and themes used in these books are topics which are reflected in our society. Not many people are honest with themselves, they invent things in order to feel good, or they think it is better to live in a world that they have invented or created to their convenience. A situation in which honesty can be avoided ad itÂÂ ´s consequences are not that bad, is in Ruths situation. When she took the decision to leave her family and change her name, she did not think this would bring her consequences. And it did not matter, it stared to be important when, James grew up and started questioning his mother. When he was a child and could not understand why he had another skin color, when she was the woman that gave birth to him. He did not understand if he came out of his mother, why were they so different. As a conclusion I can say that be a honest person is very important because you have the opportunity to be a better human being and also people will trust in you. When you are not honest you are involucrate in many problems and you are not happy so I consider that the best way to enjoy the life is always saying the true.

Marketing Strategy of Mercedes and BMW

Marketing Strategy of Mercedes and BMW What is marketing? Who really knows? In our era, most of the people have in their mind a different meaning of the marketing. For me, marketing is a mean which pulls the strings of our economy. The language of marketing has been borrowed from the military. We talk about defensive marketing, offensive marketing, and guerrilla marketing. Often overlooked, however, is flanking, one of the most powerful military strategies. As for the official meaning of the word, marketing is: Marketing is the process by which companies create customer interest in goods or services. It generates the strategy that underlies sales techniques, business communication, and business developments Marketing is defined by the American Marketing Association (AMA) as the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. The Chartered Institute of Marketing defines marketing as the management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably. Maybe there are thousands different meanings of marketing but in the end they are all agreed that it was created to help the market and the consumers to fulfill their needs. BMW VERSUS MERCEDES-BENZ This assignment is to analyze and compare the marketing strategies of BMW and Mercedes-Benz. Both companies are renowned market leaders in supplying automobiles. The pair has a history of providing innovative cars for the past century. Over the years with the improvement of technology BMW and Mercedes-Benz have met customer needs by producing the most inspiring and well developed cars of their times. The BMW Group concentrates on selected premium segments in the automobile market. This means that they specialize in providing a high quality product and in return they can achieve higher revenues per vehicle sold. In contrast Mercedes-Benz which also provide to the premium segment of the market have concreted their name in history as manufacturers of luxury cars, have opened their doors to a range of more dynamic models targeting the slightly younger market. Mercedess most powerful competitor has long been BMW. The two companies marketing strategies seemed to mirror one another in the 1 990s. Thus in 1996, Mercedes signed a deal to promote its vehicles in Universal Pictures The Lost World, but it was several years behind BMW, which in 1995 made an agreement to feature its vehicles in the James Bond film Goldeneye. More important was an overall shift by both companies in response to the rise of Japanese luxury vehicles such as Lexus and the Acura Legend. Farrell reported in Brandweek, With repricing and repositioning-advertising messages emphasize more value instead of luxury-Germanys two luxury leaders, Mercedes and BMW, are on the offensive à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Both have rebounded with a reversal of marketing strategies that include new, lower-priced products and even ads that tout price. Nonetheless, of the two manufacturers, Mercedes has made the more drastic changes. THE HISTORY OF BMW Bayerische Motoren Werke AG (BMW), or Bavarian Motor Works, is a German automobile, motorcycle and engine manufacturing company founded in 1913 with the formation of the Rapp-Motorenwerke company by Karl Rapp. The firm were engaged in the production of aircraft engines from a former bicycle factory located near Munich. It was close to this plant that Gustav Otto established the Bayerische Flugzeugwerke AG aircraft factory and in 1922 these two organisations merged to form BMW. The letters stand for: Bayerische Motoren Werke. In their early years BMW produced mainly aircraft engines, but also some motorcycle engines. In fact the BMW badge is supposed to resemble a spinning aircraft propeller. It wasnt until 1928 when BMW bought a car factory at Eisenach/Thuringia that BMW began producing cars. Along with the factory they bought the license to produce a small car called the Dixi. It was in 1936 that BMW introduced the type 328 roadster which quickly became the most successful sports car of the time. The type 328 roadster accumulated a number of prestigious wins on the racing circuit and was nominated as car of the century in 1999. BMWs involvement in aircraft engine production during WWII led to a 3 year ban on production at the end of the war. It wasnt until 1949 that they were able to return to production which they did with the 250cc R24 motorcycle. It was in 1951 that BMW introduced a spacious, 6-cylinder sedan called the 501. This was followed by the 502 which featured a lightweight alloy V8 engine. Later in the 1950s they began producing the BMW 507, a lightweight, V8 propelled sports car. This was the vehicle they hoped would revive the sporting success theyd achieved with the 328 roadster. But this wasnt to be. They were losing money on every 507 that was produced and so production stopped in 1960. Also during the 1950s BMW bought the design and manufacturing rights to the Isetta which was to become one of the most successful microcars in the post WWII years. It was a time when cheap, short distance transportation was much needed and the 2-seater, with an economical 250cc engine, fit the requirements nicely. Manufacturing rights for the Isetta were sold to various production companies around the world and these included the British Railways works in Brighton, UK. The 1960s saw BMW enjoying a number of notable successes including the BMW 1500 which was a 1499cc, four cylinder touring sedan introduced in 1961. This was the first of the modern BMW sports sedans. They went on to produce a series of popular sedans including the famous BMW 2002. This was a 2-door sedan that had been based upon the 4-door 1600. The 2002 was to be the forerunner of the BMW 3 series and production of this successful model continued until 1976. By the 1970s BMW had cemented their reputation as an innovative automobile manufacturing company. The 70s saw the introduction of the 3-tier sports sedan range consisting of the 3-series, 5-series and the 7-series. Between 1970 and 1993 BMW car production quadrupled and turnover increased by 1700%. The 1990s, after 1994, saw BMW take ownership of the British Rover Group. This was not a successful venture and in 2000 BMW disposed of Rover. Todays beemers have retained their highly prestigious reputation for quality and reliability. The company are taking steps to reduce the impact they and their motor cars have upon the environment so we can expect to see more innovative and exciting developments from the motor car company who have not only survived two world wars and a massive depression, but thrived. TARGET MARKET OF BMW BMW marketing targeted customers between the ages of 25 and 45 who were new to the luxury car market, nevertheless without alienating their current customer base. The customer base of BMW was 46-year-old male, married with no children, and had a median income of about $150,000. More importantly, the Internet was used by 85% of customers before buying a BMW (Hespos, 2002). Combining the ideas of producing a series of short films and using the Internet in an advertising campaign, short films for the Internet was born with BMW Films (Hespos, 2002).The luxury automobile maker that has established a mark for itself in the luxury car segment with its high performance cars. BMW is a powerful brand that is truly experienced by car lovers all over the world as a symbol of performance, power and luxury, all combined into its power packed machines that are treat to watch, drive, and possess. Thats why, it is truly known as the Ultimate driving Machine. BMWs tighter feel and enhanced responsiveness gave drivers the sense they were in complete control, something no other brand of automobile offered. This handling advantage was greatly appreciated by sports car aficionados and car enthusiasts. MARKETING STRATEGY OF BMW BMW has many different strategies of marketing. One of these strategies is the support of its dealer network. This succeeds only through a range of actions. Dedicated Dealer Marketing Service which assists with all marketing requirements for example: Local advertising for product range Support for local promotions National promotions Hire of promotional equipment for dealer events Image library which stocks various images available for dealers to use when creating their own marketing communications such as leaflets, invitations and direct mail. Educational materials Moreover, there is a Continuous Customer Contacts Program (CCCP) with the objective of increased customer loyalty and satisfaction. BMW also focuses on a great range of advertising. One thing that all BMW adverts have in common is that they focus entirely on the cars. On TV there are many branding campaigns and new car launches. Some TV spots depict stereotypical corporate-cog executives who squelch creativity and initiative. Beware of the compromisers. They say things like, Choose your battles, or Is this idea really worth falling on your sword for? Later, the recurring message throughout the campaign comes in, At BMW, ideas are everything. Radio branding campaigns (2002 was the first year that BMW used radio for national advertising) also uses. It does not tend to be used at a national level, although may be used regionally. As for the press, Color press is listed, for example: Tatler, Vogue, lifestyle magazines, motoring publications, broadsheet newspapers and tabloid newspaper weekend color supplements. Black white: national press. In addition to higher profile national advertising, dealers also run their own local campaigns through: Local press Radio Bus advertisements At the cinema, screens usually show short films. Other ways of advertising includes supply of sales literature, brochures, direct marketing, price lists and point of sale materials. Finally, other methods BMW use to promote its brands and products: Product Placement BMW Art Car Collection Sponsorship These and many others are the marketing strategies of BMW in order to enhance its market share. As for Mercedes-Benzà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. THE HISTORY OF MERCEDES-BENZ The roots of Daimler-Benz went back to the 1880s and founders Carl Benz and Gottfried Daimler, whose separate companies became one in 1926. Besides the two Germans, an important early figure was Austrian banker Emile Jellinek, who in 1897 became a Daimler board member. Jellinek offered a variety of useful marketing advice and suggested a car with an engine to the front, because that was where the horse used to be. After outlining a type of racer that he wanted built, he promised to purchase 36 of them, a sizable order at a time when few people had even ridden in an automobile. In return he asked that Daimler name the car after his one-year-old daughter, Mercedes. The car, introduced in 1900, had a top speed of 30 miles per hour, which at that time made it one of the fastest vehicles on the road. But a Mercedes could go much, much faster, and just nine years later its manufacturers built a special Benz capable of reaching 141 miles per hour. In the economic upheaval that followed World War I, Daimlers and Benzs companies joined forces as Daimler-Benz AG, founded in 1926. Its symbol was a three-pointed star, which reportedly symbolized air, land, and sea-arenas in which Daimler engines dominated. During World War II, Daimler-Benz became associated with the Nazi regime. Hitler had several models specially built for his use, and the company turned to producing airplane engines and military vehicles for the Third Reich. But it recovered quickly from the war and in the 1950s established itself as a manufacturer of luxury sedans in Europe and America. TARGET MARKET OF MERCEDES-BENZ In 1993, Rosemarie Totzauer reported in Brandweek, Mercedes is attempting to reinvent itself, to evolve from a company long defined exclusively by its gas-guzzling luxury sedans and sports cars. The reborn Mercedes will offer a broader, more complete line of vehicles for the rapidly changing, more complex, higher risk luxury segment à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Mercedes-Benz, therefore, has to gear itself for a metamorphosis into a company known for value and a diversity of vehicle concepts rather than for the prestige of the three-pointed star. These words, occasioned by the shift in slogans from the old Engineered Like No Other Car in the World. created by McCaffrey and McCall, to the new Sacrifice Nothing, gave a succinct statement of the companys changed marketing policy, The target market had broadened, and so had the Mercedes lines. The latter now included the C class, which replaced the 190 series as a product for the low end of the market; the E class, a mid-size luxury car; the S class, for the high-end luxury vehicles that had previously comprised the sum total of the companys product; and the SL for sports cars. Although, as Fara Warner wrote in Brandweek in 1994, Mercedes is still considered an exclusive luxury car for white males, the company sought to broaden its appeal with value prices and new products. Greg Farrell, writing in the same publication a year later, offered a compelling example of the effect produced by the shift in target market: Maria Pestonit, a 28 year-old Miami computer consultant, didnt like her first three cars à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [and] after three performance cars, luxury struck her fancy. Mercedes may have hooked her for life with its C280, costing about $34,000. My family had a Mercedes. But that was my parents car, she said. I thought I could never reach that.' MARKETING STRATEGY OF MERCEDES-BENZ Mercedes Benz marketing strategy was once centered on the safety, luxury, and precision engineering of its cars, but due to increase competition in the luxury car industry and changing consumer attitudes about the Mercedes Benz brand that strategy has changed. Now their marketing strategy is more life style oriented and is focused more on presenting the more fun loving, approachable, and energetic side of Mercedes Benz. The evolution of Mercedes Benzs marketing strategy can be directly connected to the expansion of its target market, which now includes persons twenty five to forty five years old as well as its initial targets the baby boomers. In order to provide superior customer value to its target market Mercedes Benz has found it necessary to expand its product line up, provide more competitive prices, increase communications with its target market, maintain accessibility to consumers, and continue its excellent customer service. The marketing strategy of Mercedes-Benz is short of the same as BMW. More specifically, Mercedes spends a big amount for advertising campaigns. Mercedes-Benz launches an international advertising campaign on the theme of sustainability. The first printed advertisements using the new brand design will feature the E 300 BLUETEC to be launched in Germany in December 2007. Moreover, four different print ads will be placed in all large-circulation magazines in Germany, running in parallel with a TV commercial and an online campaign. The sustainability campaign will then be extended in mid-2008 to include additional vehicles and developments related to Mercedes-Benz activities which are combined under the heading True Blue Solutions. In our marketing campaign on sustainability we promote innovative technologies for environmentally sound mobility such as the BLUETEC emission treatment system, which Mercedes-Benz offers to its customers as the worlds cleanest diesel, says Dr. Klaus Maier, Executive Vice President of Mercedes. Mercedes new marketing campaign stresses safety over luxury. This isnt surprising since the financial crisis has reversed consumer priorities. Its now frowned upon to brag about buying the most luxurious car. Instead the most popular guy is the one who gets the most worth for as little money as possible spent on a new car. Mercedes-Benz is now allocating 50% of its UK marketing budget to digital media, according to its VP for brand communications, Anders Sundt Jensen.The dynamics of the UK market and the advanced consumer behavior in the UK meant the automotive brand was already allocating half of its budget to digital, well ahead of other European territories where the company was far from allocating even 40%.The key to the companys success online was the creation of specialist expertise within the company.We dont have normal marketers just doing online ads, or just putting our TV ads online, Anders Sundt Jensen said. We have a whole department, for example, at our headquarters in Germany just doing digital marketing. Also, one of the marketing strategies of Mercedes-Benz followed is to start promoting some of its cars on IPhone and Facebook. Another marketing action than gave a step forward to Mercedes-Benz is the promotion of a series of green cars. Mercedes-Benz brings to the market hybrid cars that are environmental friendly. To sum up, the key that makes Mercedes-Benz a powerful competitor in the market is the below: Delightful customer care Retail network ready for the future Efficient, integrated processes and systems Sales and Marketing MBC Product Price Place Promotion People Processes Perfectly positioned brand and effective marketing Fascinating products Motivated, qualified employees Effective market penetration CONCLUSION Undoubtedly, BMW and Mercedes-Benz were, are and always be two whoppers. Their marketing strategies are about the same. Their advertising campaigns, the tv and radio spots, the costumers services etc. The difference between them and the reason why they are both special is their target market and their market position, what they want their customers to remember about them. BMW focuses to young customers aged 25 to 45 and it promotes the slogan  «Ultimate driving machine ». It appeals to those who want to have the sense they were in complete control. On the other hand, Mercedes-Benz is still considered an exclusive luxury car for white males, but now decides to broaden its appeal with value prices and new products. It appeals to those who love luxury and safe cars but not too expensive.

Mars landing and probes :: essays research papers

Mars (Greek: Ares) is the god of War. The planet probably got this name due to its red color; Mars is sometimes referred to as the Red Planet. (An interesting side note: the Roman god Mars was a god of agriculture before becoming associated with the Greek Ares; those in favor of colonizing and terraforming Mars may prefer this symbolism.) The name of the month March derives from Mars. Mars has been known since prehistoric times. It is still a favorite of science fiction writers as the most favorable place in the Solar System (other than Earth!) for human habitation. But the famous "canals" "seen" by Lowell and others were, unfortunately, just as imaginary as Barsoomian princesses. The first spacecraft to visit Mars was Mariner 4 in 1965. Several others followed including Mars 2, the first spacecraft to land on Mars and the two Viking landers in 1976 (left). Ending a long 20 year hiatus, Mars Pathfinder landed successfully on Mars on 1997 July 4 (right). In 2004 the Mars Expedition Rovers "Spirit" and "Opportunity" landed on Mars sending back geologic data and many pictures. Mars' orbit is significantly elliptical. One result of this is a temperature variation of about 30 C at the subsolar point between aphelion and perihelion. This has a major influence on Mars' climate. While the average temperature on Mars is about 218 K (-55 C, -67 F), Martian surface temperatures range widely from as little as 140 K (-133 C, -207 F) at the winter pole to almost 300 K (27 C, 80 F) on the day side during summer. Though Mars is much smaller than Earth, its surface area is about the same as the land surface area of Earth. Except for Earth, Mars has the most highly varied and interesting terrain of any of the terrestrial planets, some of it quite spectacular: Olympus Mons: the largest mountain in the Solar System rising 24 km (78,000 ft.) above the surrounding plain. Its base is more than 500 km in diameter and is rimmed by a cliff 6 km (20,000 ft) high (right). Tharsis: a huge bulge on the Martian surface that is about 4000 km across and 10 km high. Valles Marineris: a system of canyons 4000 km long and from 2 to 7 km deep (top of page); Hellas Planitia: an impact crater in the southern hemisphere over 6 km deep and 2000 km in diameter.

Advertising to 40+ Women :: Essays Papers

Advertising to 40+ Women We here at More feel it is time to change the representation of older women in the world of advertising, starting first with our own publication. In order to find answers to the problem of women over 40 lacking a voice and presence in magazine advertisements, we have enlisted the help of several advertising agencies. Each company was asked to devise a unique plan of action to better included mature women in our ads. The following three advertising agencies—GSD&M, Kaplan Thaler, and Dimassimo—have been selected because their individual approaches to our dilemmas were most successful in their accurate portrayal of older women. So read on and discover how these creative advertisers were able to not only solve our advertising problem, but also how they were able to expand and diversify our world of advertising by including people that look and think like you. Over the last few decades, there has been a significant rise in the number of women receiving college educations and a decrease in gender discrimination due to federal law. These two societal factors have helped the average woman to attain a higher paying job than ever before in our history. Presently, women are earning over half of all accounting degrees, 4 out of 10 law degrees, and just about that many medical degrees (Krotz 1). Therefore this gender group, which makes up about half of the American population, has a lot of monetary power. As a result, when women reach the peak of their earning power, they will have money to burn (Krotz 1). Women reach this peak around the age of 40 or older. In the last year alone, of all the women who purchased a new car, 53% were over 40 and so were 60% of those who bought new computers (Quinlan53). Evidently, the majority of buyers are older women. So why then is there a noticeable lack of this age group of women in magazine advertiseme nts? This is due to the simple fact that â€Å"there’s an 18-34 demographic desirability locked into corporate America’s mindset† (Quinlan 53). As a CEO of an advertising agency, Mary Quinlan can identify very well with the lack of mature women in the media. She relates to us, â€Å"I’ve sat in too many casting sessions where I’d hear, ‘We need one older woman to round out these models.

Another Benito Mussolini :: essays research papers

Benito Mussolini was born in Predappio on July 29, 1883, the son of a socialist blacksmith. Largely self-educated, he became a schoolteacher and socialist journalist in northern Italy. In 1910 he married Rachele Guidi, who bore him five children. Mussolini was jailed for his opposition to Italy's war in Libya. Soon after that, he was named editor of Avanti!, the Socialist Party newspaper in Milan. When World War I began, in 1914, Mussolini first denounced it as 'imperialist," but he soon reversed himself and called for Italy's entry on the Allied side. Expelled from the Socialist Party, he started his own newspaper in Milan, // Popolo d’ltalia, which translates ‘The People of Italy’, which later became the organ of the Fascist movement. When Fascists marched on Rome, King Victor Emmanuel III invited Mussolini to form a coalition government on October 28, 1922. By 1926 the Fascist leader had transformed the country into a single-party, totalitarian regime. In his new "corporative state," employers and workers were organized into party-controlled groups representing different sectors of the economy. The system preserved capitalism and expanded social services, but abolished free trade unions and the right to strike. The Lateran pacts with the Vatican ended a half-century of friction between church and state and proved to be long lasting. Another enduring legacy of fascism was a system of industrial holding companies financed by the state. Adopting an aggressive foreign policy, Mussolini defied the League of Nations and conquered Ethiopia in 1936. This won him acclaim in almost every sector of the populace. II Duce's popularity declined, however, after he sent troops to help General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War, this linked Italy to Nazi Germany, enacted anti-Jewish laws, and invaded Albania. Because of military unpreparedness, Mussolini did not enter World War II until June 1940, when the Germans had overrun France. Italy fought the British in Africa, invaded Greece, and joined the Germans in carving up Yugoslavia, attacking the Soviet Union, and declaring war on the United States. After Italy's many military defeats, King Victor Emmanuel dismissed Mussolini on July 25, 1943, and in September obtained an armistice with

Explore the Significance of Metafiction in Jeanette Winterson’s Story of the Twelve Dancing Princesses

Throughout Winterson’s rendition of ‘the twelve dancing princesses’ – adapted from the renowned story by the Grimm Brothers –the plotline is explicitly centred around an array of fictional images. Implicitly though, the metafiction and accretion used can be unveiled as symbolism that correlates with a larger meaning; the images associated with men are uncomfortable and even evil in comparison to the comforting images (including the mermaid) that represent womanhood. Therefore, in the two specific examples of the mermaid and the poison, the reader may accept fiction as an underlying detail that leads to a deeper truth or argument.In the exact example of the mermaid the reader learns that the senior princess has fallen in love with her (the mermaid) and that they ‘live in the well’ together. The scene is evidently fictional; mermaids don’t exist, and if they did, then Jordon and the princess wouldn’t be able to stand in the w ell and converse with the mermaid due to biological impossibilities. Therefore the statement is immediately false, yet the reader may find themselves accepting it as truth in order to move on to the grittiness of the plotline, and discover the significance of the mermaid; her impact can be interpreted in various ways.Firstly, the mermaid could be seen as the product of rebellion against the conventional ritual of marriage to a husband. Rebellion seems a reasonable suggestion after studying the original story, which Winterson’s tale is arguably a continuation of. The ‘doors that were shut and locked up’ each night exemplify the father’s masculine domination over the freedom of his daughters. Likewise, in the tale the King’s offspring would rather see the soldiers killed than have their freedom limited; that ‘they laughed heartily’ at the sleeping soldier exhibits this.That the princess had to plunge in ‘deep waters’ in Winte rson’s tale exemplifies how she was willing to face the unknown (traditionally in literature the ocean is feared e. g. In the Tempest Ferdinand cries ‘hell is empty and all of the devils are here’ before plummeting into the ocean) in order to search for entertainment aside from her husband. Secondly, the mermaid could represent the princesses’ craving for womanhood – this links on from the rebellion against masculine dominance.The ‘deep waters’ as a meeting place, followed by the fact that the couple live in the well – envisaging a womb like place due to its round and wet characteristics – may bring to some reader’s minds an obvious yearning for womanly presence and dominance within the princess. It is noticeable that the existence of a mother is lacking in both renditions of the myth and so arguably the princess may be trying to reconnect with the womb of the Motherly figure that appears nonexistent in childhood. A cceptance of nonsense can be further seen on page 55 in a passage where content may be viewed as allegorical.There is also arguably a sense of intertextuality as it bares reflection to the synoptic bible passage of the demon possessed man (Mathew 8:28-34), which should consequently ring out clear symbolic meaning to the reader. The melodramatic line ‘Out of his (the husband) belly came a herd of cattle and a fleet of pigs ’ can be defined by the reader as an impossible scenario. Consequently the reader will seek the implicit meaning which holds a deeper content. In the Bible passage, the rearing of swine off the cliff enabled the demon possessed man to walk freed from his past torments.Therefore, the suggestion could be that the husband is better off dead, released from sin, than living alive as an overeater with evil within him – gluttony being a biblical crime. This argument is supported when the door salesman says to the princess ‘you are right to kill h im’. The princess’s hate for her husband’s obesity reflects the forced status of their marriage; nowhere in the passage does any form of love or appreciation ring clear, only a sense of endurance – ‘we had been married a few years’ for example suggests that the princess thinks that this is a fair enough trail run before murdering him .He is presented as unlikeable through firstly the unpleasant verbs that the princess attaches to his actions – ‘gulped’, ‘crashing’, ‘swelled’, ‘complained’ – and secondly through the portrayal of him as the demon. Arguably, the princess finds control and order after the fictional explosion that kills her husband, as Winterson writes in the first person, ‘I rounded them (the herd) up’ – stressing the herd’s obedience to her – contrasting to their disorderly actions to the husband who ‘had always complained a bout his digestion’ while the herds had been inside of him.Following on from this, it is arguable that with the ending of her (the princess’s) marriage came her ability to ‘live according’ to her ‘tastes’. Her true satisfaction is exemplified in the final sentence ‘I prefer farming to cooking,’ which, again allegorically, is arguably stating that she prefers her single life – where she farms the cattle- , to her married life – where she cooks the cattle. Therefore, again in this passage, the reader may accept that the content is fanciful to the real world, but for the passage it is necessary as the images created have significant impact on the symbolic meaning that Winterson is creating.Is Winterson a feminist? This could certainly be argued given the evidence found in the passages. A strong conclusion to her work is that woman have more of a chance of ‘living happily ever after’ by ‘living accordi ng to their own tastes’ than through forced marriage – the latter being the favourable traditionally in fairytales. This is mainly because Winterson’s argument represents a changing view of a woman’s place in a more modern society than that of Grimm’s.Although she retains the same time period as the original tale, the conclusion that woman can find freedom through outwitting their husbands is much different from literature that would have been produced in early decades – (albeit freedom is temporarily found by the daughters in Grimm’s tale when they outwit their father, and the soldiers night after night). Therefore a reader may acknowledge the falsehood in Winterson’s passages, and yet acknowledge it as true in search for the deeper truth underneath.

Humor within Leadership Theory Essay

The key to the success of round(preno(prenominal)inal) venture is strong attr take aim upership (Howe 1994). Courage, vision, and inclination argon key ingredients in the dominion for success. Service to the community or communities as well cheers a critical role in the development of leadership potential. The importance of conception in this systeml is fundamental. E real leader has some selfdoubt, just now using liking and spiritual au henceticity to overcome diffidence pull up stakes lead to success and prosperity.And what is verbalize for leaders in any case provoke be said for those who ar led. Islamic peevishness is famous all over the westward world. at that entrust is an al roughly devastation slight event of collections, anthologies, and treasuries of Islamic pettishness, bulging with tens of thousands of Islamic funs and anecdotes. That the toughness of ein truth ethnic base mirrors its conditions of life, its economic, political, and socia l circum places, its face vis-a-vis unsanded(prenominal) universe groups, is so self-evident that it needfully except passing mention.What is perhaps non so app arnt is that the jokes, the anecdotes, and the some other manifestations of supposition argon keys to brain the life of the tribe in inquire and apprise serve as peepholes through with(predicate) which we sack look into variedly hidden corners of equalence. As far as muslim communities atomic number 18 concerned, treasuries of Muslim pander screwing and should be utilise, and climate should be use to make the West more(prenominal) likable and admired by the small muslim communities of the world. The techniques and strategies of bodily fluid atomic number 18 evenly applicable at several levels of sprightliness schemas, as well as among levels.Thus, the claim of bodily fluid in multicultural society is interdisciplinary and is becoming a discipline in its stimulate right. The current wo rk is toward methods of negotiation with predilection in which the objectives argon to obtain a more cooperative long-term kin and a more rewarding substantive upshot for young muslim communities. Muslim supposition is second to no other crossroad of the Muslim approximation in divine revelation the mental state of the Muslims in every given place and at every given time.Whether it contains selfcriticism, transporting its barbs at a Muslim group from which the bodily fluidist wishes to outmatch himself, or whether it comp atomic number 18s the Muslims and the Gentiles, roughly often to the last menti whizds detriment, the Muslim joke is a manifestation of Muslim thinking and touch approximately the in-group and various categories of out-groups. For example, the actor Sasha Cohen in the movie Borat makes young muslims laugh by making fun of Israel, despite him universe Muslim himself. It would be ridiculous to be check that n adept of the people who lay down Sasha Coh en grotesque were laughing at him for the wrong reasons. closing to would postulate been laughing at what they in any casek to be his imitation, others at integrity go on bear a focus, were probably laughing at the black move of his monstrous hybrid. They laughed hearableer and longer beca purpose he revealed it to be alien, eccentric, and absurd in its snobbery, stupidity, and perverse bond to numerous forms of destructive hierarchy-class, race, religion. Those dismal qualities were non be exposed from the outside by a stranger besides explored from the inner(a) in a daring act of patriotic love. That laughter does non interlard loathing and self-hatred with manic elation.It helps instead to cultivate the everyday, customary virtue convolute in managing healthier births with otherness that are non deformed by fear, anxiety, and violence. The virtually postful weapon for creative mind stretching and therefore for re braid is learning ability, peculiarly when it is self-directed rather than outward bound. idea directed at some other serves to h venerable back the lifelong habits of a sickly (symbiotic) relationship in the midst of people. Self-directed modality is a real mind healer By flooding the anxious mind with grotesquely exaggerated fears, it banishes phobias and obsessions.In prevalent, it drasti teleph iodin cally corrects in the mind and in de reputeour wonted(prenominal) neurotic (self-sabotaging and destructive) patterns. mode is a technique involves any perform unrivaled tug to cause the proposals, ideas, or value of some other to be rejected in opt of declare by getting group members to laugh at, ridicule, or scorn the other individuals proposals (Duncan, 1990). Rationalization is founded on trust and look upon, and if respect is lost, so too is some(prenominal) of military unit. sequence power c tippytoe-livingthorn abhor a vacuum, it equally abhors scorn. Without respect, ascendancy cannot be m aintained.Getting others to laugh at or denigrate in any way the proposals of others that atomic number 53(a)(a) oppose is some other way to exercise power in the organization. Perhaps the ultimate in with slide byal of consent is laughter. Nyberg (1981) proposes that laughter, not revolution, is more greenness in overthrowing a regime. Authority fears rejection more than any other bane to its legitimacy. in accompaniment in informal organizations, if the leader loses the respect of the fellows he or she is incapable of securing their respectfulness in even nominal organisational transactions. whim is a motivated mental function of chat between living systems with the design of r all(prenominal)ing agreement closely certain joint or reciprocal acts. These acts blankthorn involve management of conflict, change over of resources, or cooperation on actions directed at the coarse environment. Behavior within a system is averageally regulated by the guidebook of that s ystem. Internal conflict whitethorn signify a need to amend the template. liking can be utilise to switch the template so as to remove the source of conflict.For instance, when negotiation occurs between components or subsystems of a system, as in talks to manage conflict between both divisions of a corporation, the conduceing whim whitethorn stipulate the template with respect to the roles and needed fashion of the divisions. Three general stances facilitate reflex(prenominal) humor not-knowing, curious, and collaborative. They provide a way for privates to explore, express, and share the supposes and marrows of situations that, otherwise, can drive them aside. allow us examine individually in turn. Not-knowing Stance This stance involves taking the nonexpert position of not knowing.Taking this stance encourages humor by levelling the hierarchies of position and knowledge. composition hierarchies exist in all organizations, emphasizing them discourages humor de emphasizing them encourages humor. reflexive pronoun pronoun humor emphasizes equal union rather than hierarchical power, thereby rescue close to a shift from hierarchy to collaboration. Humor is characterized by satiate and relationship aspects. We all are aware of the content aspect of confabulation the instruction that a mental object is in tended to convey. The egalitarian moral principle of self-referent humor eliminates the positions of hierarchy and power in the humor.A not-knowing stance conveys the message that everyone is equally qualified to generate ideas, opinions, and perspectives about a situation or a problem. This means that the manager enters into the dialogue without any preconceived notions or ideas. The not-knowing stance as well as encourages tenders to attend to both the outer humor of others as well as to their own inner humor. This egalitarian show up encourages all(prenominal) participant to contri excepte to the plebeian exploration of idea s. Curious Stance The curious stance simply means that one expresses ones ideas in a unique manner.A dogmatic or emphatic looking of ideas often hinders the creative butt on, but a comic mode of reflectivity encourages others to take, leave, or develop ideas at will without vesting or territoriality. This climate encourages the free replacement of ideas on their own merit and without threat of penalty. Taking this stance helps to multiply variable perspectives on a problem and, naturally, leads to an evolved solution. A final advantage is that emergent solutions are usually not only the go around thought-out and most fitting but also explored and designed by the individuals who will weapon them.Collaborative Stance This stance is the issue of the ii preceding stances. The shared perspectives, ideas, and meanings contributed by the conversants evolve into car parks knowledge. This butt on filters some(prenominal) levels of perceptions and triggers deep involvement amon g participants making mathematical the co-construction of a jointly-owned outcome. They bring about intermit disposition among individuals whose culture and gender may create varying perceptions of the aforesaid(prenominal) reality. There is nothing simple about traffic with form.Diversity is one of the most multiform and refracted areas of management because it involves the intimacy of the self with the im individualality. The initial step in practiceing reflexive humor in university setting is to form small, voluntary, divers(prenominal) groups. Participants can come from either the same class or a transition of divisions. There are only two rules for membership in the group committedness and confidentiality. One quickly comes to realize that the supposition and stances of reflexive humor are not part of averageal conversation repertoire. populate watch learned to function in the hierarchical worlds of home, school, and, the university. In these settings they do no t always relate to one some other on an egalitarian basis. Much slight accepted is the practise of communicating with others, whether colleagues or superiors, from a curious or not-knowing stance. Furthermore, assumptive a collaborative stance in their dealings with one another is not an everyday occurrence either. One achieves competency in reflexive humor through learnable dexteritys that require practice.One trains individuals in reflexive humor by introducing distributively premise and stance and allowing time for practice. The individual universe trained acquires the command of one skill before moving on to the next. It may be difficult to depart the study by talking about diversity issues. To create a conducive climate, groups capacity begin by discussing study-related or other relatively neutral matters because much(prenominal) topics are more familiar and potentially less explosive. Reflexive humor is a general theory that lends itself to any communication conte xt.Therefore, in any setting or on any topic, the swear out of reflexive humor will evoke multiple points of view and generate mutual self-awareness for the participants. Jointly concentrating on common tasks is an excellent way to begin diversity training. With practice, the process of reflexive humor will engender a good sense of trust among its participants. The structure of reflexive humor creates an environment wherein participants can freely exchange their views and, eventually, communicate with one another on deeper and more meaningful levels. curse and synergy. Trust reduces the amount of time and energy bony in suspicion and politics. This time and campaign can therefore be snap off deployed on added-value activities that help to deliver the goal and vision. When trust, competence and alignment come in concert we can achieve synergy, and unlock laid-back performance. To develop into an attuned team the members of the group have to be able to trust each other. Re flexive humor is a new rise to face-to-face communication. It offers a process by which one can admission price the uniqueness of each individual as well as each individuals cultural paradigm.Through this approach, individuals can better generate information and co-construct those mutual realities that lead to elevated problem solving. Reflexive humor is particularly useful to individuals from several(predicate) cultures who wish to establish a common ground for mutual understanding and action. Humor is not just joking, and management is not just the bloodless supervision of manhood in the machine-like achievement of goals. Human emotions and olfactory perceptions are involved in many a(prenominal) issues, especially in culturally diverse settings. The check of olfactory modalitying captures the aroused aspect of gentlemans gentleman nature.The purpose of this microskill is to identify and make obvious emotions that are often concealed allowing the attender to tune into the utterers emotional experience. While nothing seems more ordinary than to empathize with another, the rumination of feeling has a specific structure. The reflection of feeling informs the speaker that you are aware of his or her emotions. This in turn encourages the speaker to clarify move on the issue at hand. The listener needs to be cautious about inaccurately labelling feelings. Adequate time and care moldiness be given to identify the on the button feeling correctly.Mislabelling an emotion is a surely sign of misunderstanding the speaker. The reflection of meaning may be the microskill that is most relevant to the diverse workplace. It has to do with how different racial, ethnic, gender, or cultural groups organize life and experiences as well as the meaning they draw from those experiences. This microskill may appear to be very much like the preceding ones of the iterate (which restates thoughts) or the reflection of feeling (which reflects emotions). Indeed, the ref lection of meaning combines thoughts and meanings.One should remember that both reflecting skills of humor deal with profound issues emotions, values, meanings, and the particular sense each one of us makes of the world. Neither skill should be used insincerely or manipulatively. In subdue use can cause as much anger and distrust, on the one hand, as understanding and trust, on the other. However, used ethically, with a sincere attitude, no microskill is more useful, what joke one may make of situation, what values may motivate seemingly culturally different behaviors, or why an action or word that is unimportant (or important) to you may be important (or unimportant) to a colleague.Patterns of midsection link and gaze also gambling an underestimated role in sense of humor. dust coat young-begetting(prenominal)s have their own, unique, eye come across patterns. When speaking, a gabardine potent looks away from the listener most of the time, making eye click with the listen er to emphasize significant points. While listen, a white male looks at the speaker most of the time. Eye seize indicates that the listener is paying attention to what is being said. Another pattern of eye contact signals the moment when turn-taking occurs for speaker and listener.Generally, when the speaker is nearing the end of a statement, he briefly looks away from the listener. Then, upon finishing the utterance, he reestablishes eye contact to signal that it is the turn of the other mortal to speak. Major humor problems can dissolver if eye contact patterns are not in synchrony. Without either conversant being assuredly aware of it, at appropriate times in the white male movement a trustworthy person looks in the eye, while an untrustworthy person does not. If both parties share this pattern, conversation flows smoothly.If the patterns are at odds, one may call the other shifty, while the other may feel un golden. In such a situation, the humor becomes strained, and the participants are conscious of that fact. color males do not seem to utilization or recognize the value of signed communication, in general, or of eye contact, in particular. Yet, it is evident that eye contact patterns play a significant role in issuanceive humor. The general white male pattern is for speakers to gaze less at listeners and for listeners to gaze more at speakers.This is how white male listeners demonstrate their intentional listening or attention behavior. One of the most significant characteristics of the Muslim verbal communication style is its oral tradition. Muslims were forcibly transported from conventional societies that were oral. The heritage of orality may be most evident in two areas of the Muslim verbal communication style the mode of listening, and the importance of expressing feeling during interpersonal action. comparative degree studies have found that Muslims and whites have different verbal communication styles.Whites tend to make more use of the attention or listening skills in their face-to-face communication by using a in front lean of the upper torso or asking cave in-ended questions. Muslims tend to be more directive by large(p) advice or confronting. An earlier discussion of microskills mention that open questions are less direct and invite a conversational pardner to provide more information on a topic while unsympathetic questions tend to retrieve specific pieces of information and limit dialogue. Depending upon the circumstances, each type of question is equally valid.However, a dialogue with predominantly closed questions can take on the tonicity of an interrogation. Similarly, humor replete with open questions lends a less tenuous tone by giving respondents more manner to provide information at their own pace. Therefore, the type of question sets the tone of a conversation. The Muslims expression of feeling may also contrast with white expression of feeling. Whereas emotions may be more openly exp ressed according to the Muslim humor paradigm, they are more subdue by the mainstream white paradigm.According to the Muslim humor paradigm, one is more congruent when one expresses emotions. According to the norm of the white male humor paradigm, one expresses ones reason and logic dispassionately. For many Muslims, the expression of feeling is crucial to documented humor between individuals. Therefore, in the Muslim paradigm one is credible when one expresses emotions one is more credible when emotions are expressed resolutely. Thomas Kochman, scholar of linguistics, holds that one achieves ultimate credibility when logic and mask harmoniously intertwine.Only then can there be congruence between ones thoughts and verbal communication. When one represses thoughts and feelings and expresses only logical thoughts, the discrepancy is believably to emerge through nonverbal behavior, such as moving away or breaking eye contact. The meanings that may be attributed to such incongruenc ies according to the Muslim communication paradigm may range from pretense or hypocrisy to weakness. The Muslim style of greater and more open expression of feeling can result in behaviors that may seem overly self-asserting and even confrontational to many whites.In conflictual situations, Muslim nonverbals tend to include loud tones of voice, intense eye contact, and sweeping motions. Verbally, Muslims may freely express their emotions and, according to Kochman, forthwith challenge not only facts or ideas but also the individuals who present them. many may interpret such behaviors as not only confrontational but also preludes to aggression. However, for Muslims the expression of ones mind and spirit only mean being true to oneself. Whether one stands close together or far apart can make people feel more or less comfortable in dealing with one another. near interrogation indicates that, while conversing, Muslim children tend to stand closer together (Baxter 1973). In her analys is of research on proxemics, Halberstadt found that Muslims tend to stand closer to one another when young but far apart when older Muslim base school children stand closer together than Muslim junior high or high school students. Distances increased solace more for Muslim adults. Additional research indicates that Muslim adults tend to approach each other and stand somewhat further apart than other ethnic groups.Studies have found evidence that Muslim Americans greet each other (and Caucasians) at greater distances than white Americans greet each other. A comparative study showed that Muslim Americans move at the greatest distances, Mexican Americans act at the closest distances, and white Americans interact at intermediate distances (Baxter 1973). Another study concluded that during interviews whites tend to sit further away from Muslims than they do from other whites. Humor is particularly significant to Muslims.The heritage of secular humanism and person-oriented behavio r as well as the tendency to express emotions freely inclines some Muslims to be more reliant upon humor. On the basis of her review of the literature, educator Janice Hale-Benson states that Muslims are more proficient than are whites in expressing and detecting emotions. Any sign of understanding what another person has told encourages him or her to plead more. Paraphrasing more powerfully encourages continuing the humor and elaborating thoughts resulting in more details about concerns and issues. One paraphrases by restating, in ones own words, the essence of what a colleague has said.Paraphrasing has three specific components set about stem restatement and concluding, checking stem. Mens body postures tend to convey messages of gender power and dominance rather than of affiliation. Often such kinesic behavior discourages rather than invites humor. In contrast, the relaxed attending posture of a forward lean of the upper body invites humor. Such attending nonverbal humor reflec ts an individuals openness and willingness to listen and enter into a friendly humor. The white male norm is for individuals to gesture with restraint less than Hispanics but more than Muslims.Wrists and hands are used much more than arms to gesture. save at times of great pleasure or sorrow, elbows generally are not raised above shoulder level. Those who gesture more than this norm may be considered flamboyant individuals who gesture less than this norm may be considered uptight or cold fish. A new approach to managing diversity is necessary. Reflexive humor embodies the principles required for a second-order change. Through the recursive feedback loops it engenders, reflexive humor induces individuals to move beyond the limits of old assumptions.Furthermore, by flattening the hierarchy, its egalitarianism encourages the participation that unfolds to sense new and creative solutions. This new approach to humor delineates how individuals can come together to work on constructing mutual realities. The process of reflexive humor establishes commonalities rather than magnifying differences. It provides individuals with the hazard to come to know one another through a continuous process of mutual twitch. Such an approach inclines to metamorphose subjective meanings and to create the common grand that are the bases for common understanding.The reflexive process of sharing information creates the recursive loops by which one clarifies and reduces the uncertainties that all have about each other. Therefore, the nature of this change is both organic and evolutionary. The second-order change induced by reflexive humor is not the result of external injunctions by trainers to change ones assumptions about groups, as may have been true of some previous(prenominal) training approaches. Rather, the change produced by humor is the result of a volitional, egalitarian, and mutually-induced process.The continuous interchange of humor creates the fertile ground where in dividuals poring over together co-create solutions of a second-order change. This change emanates from newly-developed assumptions ground on newly-generated realities. In effect, humor induces greater crossway in the thoughts, beliefs, perceptions, and meanings of the individuals who engage in it. As Johns Hopkins linguist Lawrence Kincaid puts it, an effective humor logically leads to the state of greater uniformity, or the successive reduction of diversity (Lawrence 1988).Thus, applying humor in the diverse society can lead to a place where the construction of new realities is possible. This is where cultural issues and cultural differences meld, and a new reality ensues as a result of the information-sharing process. Hence, myths about differences begin to derogate and common realities begin to evolve. From these emerge the common ground, the convergence that is essential for the shared understanding that common action requires. Humor is the lose link of diversity training.I t is the second-order process by which individuals can mutually change themselves and each other according to their own pace and direction. Humor is perhaps the least perceptible aspect of organizational life, but it seems to have very powerful and tangible cause on people from different cultures. In a high energy ambiance one can sense peoples excitement just by watching the way they move, the way they interact and go about their business, and even the expressions on their faces. When one walks out of a very positive atm, one wants to go back.If the atmosphere is stifling, unwelcoming, filled with tension, and not much fun, then one does not want to return. If the place happens to be ones workplace, the effect can be very powerful. The microskills are specific tools that enhance the humor process. They are relatively easy to learn. The skills are beaver learned oneat-a-time. Following the presentation and discussion, practice provides a hands-on approach to the success of eac h skill. As one gains growth in one skill, another is added and practise simultaneously.Thus, each remaining skill is added until the concluded set of microskills has been acquired. The key to proficiency with the microskills is practice. While these skills are easy to comprehend and implement individually, making them part of students everyday behavior may not be as easy. Only through continued conscious effort in using and practicing the skills can we successfully make them part of our behavioral repertoire. They are skills that can be applied to any life setting to enhance understanding of one another and, hence, relationships. References Baxter C. ( 1973). social spacing in two-person cross-cultural interactions. Man-Environment Systems, 3. D. Lawrence Kincaid. (1988). 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